On Aerosol Liquid Water and Sulfate Associations: The Potential for Fine Particulate Matter Biases

Babila, Jonathon E.; Carlton, Annmarie G.; Hennigan, Christopher J.; Ghate, Virendra P.

doi:10.3390/atmos11020194

Title: On Aerosol Liquid Water and Sulfate Associations: The Potential for Fine Particulate Matter Biases

Journal Article · Wed Feb 12 00:00:00 EST 2020 · Atmosphere (Basel)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020194· OSTI ID:1632702

Babila, Jonathon E. ^[1];

^[1]; Hennigan, Christopher J. ^[2];

^[3]

Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

In humid locations of the Eastern U.S., sulfate is a surrogate for aerosol liquid water (ALW), a poorly measured particle constituent. Regional and seasonal variation in ALW–sulfate relationships offers a potential explanation to reconcile epidemiology and toxicology studies regarding particulate sulfur and health endpoints. ALW facilitates transfer of polar species from the gas phase to the particle phase and affects particle pH and metal oxidation state. Though abundant and a potential indicator of adverse health endpoints, ALW is largely removed in most particulate matter measurement techniques, including in routine particulate matter (PM_2.5) networks that use federal reference method (FRM) monitors, which are used in epidemiology studies. We find that in 2004, a typical year in the available record, ambient ALW mass is removed during sampling and filter equilibration to standard laboratory conditions at most (94%) sites, up to 85% of the ambient water mass. The removal of ALW can induce the evaporation of other semi-volatile compounds present in PM_2.5, such as ammonium nitrate and numerous organics. This produces an artifact in the PM mass measurements that is, importantly, not uniform in space or time. This suggests that PM_2.5 epidemiology studies that exclude ALW are biased. This work provides a plausible explanation to resolve multi-decade discrepancies regarding ambient sulfate and health impacts in some epidemiological and toxicological studies

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; 80NSSC19K0987; 1719252; 1719245

OSTI ID:: 1632702

Journal Information:: Atmosphere (Basel), Vol. 11, Issue 2; ISSN 2073-4433

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 7 works

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