An Overview of the Atmospheric Component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model

Rasch, P. J.; Xie, S.; Ma, P. ‐L.; Lin, W.; Wang, H.; Tang, Q.; Burrows, S. M.; Caldwell, P.; Zhang, K.; Easter, R. C.; Cameron‐Smith, P.; Singh, B.; Wan, H.; Golaz, J. ‐C.; Harrop, B. E.; Roesler, E.; Bacmeister, J.; Larson, V. E.; Evans, K. J.; Qian, Y.; Taylor, M.; Leung, L. R.; Zhang, Y.; Brent, L.; Branstetter, M.; Hannay, C.; Mahajan, S.; Mametjanov, A.; Neale, R.; Richter, J. H.; Yoon, J. ‐H.; Zender, C. S.; Bader, D.; Flanner, M.; Foucar, J. G.; Jacob, R.; Keen, N.; Klein, S. A.; Liu, X.; Salinger, A. G.; Shrivastava, M.; Yang, Y.

doi:10.1029/2019MS001629

Title: An Overview of the Atmospheric Component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model

Journal Article · Mon Aug 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001629· OSTI ID:1567936

^[1]; Xie, S. ^[2];

^[1];

^[3];

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[4]; Bacmeister, J. ^[5];

^[6];

^[7];

^[1] more »

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA USA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA
Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA
Sandia National Laboratory Albuquerque NM USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
Department of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Milwaukee Milwaukee WI USA
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
Department of Earth System ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju South Korea
Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of California Irvine Irvine CA USA
Department of Climate and Space Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA
Department of Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of Wyoming Laramie WY USA

©2019. The Authors. The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model is described. The model began as a fork of the well-known Community Atmosphere Model, but it has evolved in new ways, and coding, performance, resolution, physical processes (primarily cloud and aerosols formulations), testing and development procedures now differ significantly. Vertical resolution was increased (from 30 to 72 layers), and the model top extended to 60 km (~0.1 hPa). A simple ozone photochemistry predicts stratospheric ozone, and the model now supports increased and more realistic variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. An optional improved treatment of light-absorbing particle deposition to snowpack and ice is available, and stronger connections with Earth system biogeochemistry can be used for some science problems. Satellite and ground-based cloud and aerosol simulators were implemented to facilitate evaluation of clouds, aerosols, and aerosol-cloud interactions. Higher horizontal and vertical resolution, increased complexity, and more predicted and transported variables have increased the model computational cost and changed the simulations considerably. These changes required development of alternate strategies for tuning and evaluation as it was not feasible to “brute force” tune the high-resolution configurations, so short-term hindcasts, perturbed parameter ensemble simulations, and regionally refined simulations provided guidance on tuning and parameterization sensitivity to higher resolution. A brief overview of the model and model climate is provided. Model fidelity has generally improved compared to its predecessors and the CMIP5 generation of climate models.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division

Grant/Contract Number:: KP1703020; AC05‐76RL01830; NA0003525; AC52‐07NA27344; AC05‐00OR22725; AC02‐06CH11357; AC02‐05CH11231; AC52-07NA27344; AC02-06CH11357; AC05-76RL01830; AC05-00OR22725; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1567936

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1567939; OSTI ID: 1569665; OSTI ID: 1572474; OSTI ID: 1633535; OSTI ID: 1649614; OSTI ID: 1656525

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-765204; PNNL-SA-144927

Journal Information:: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Journal Name: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Vol. 11 Journal Issue: 8; ISSN 1942-2466

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 139 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (124)

Exploratory High-Resolution Climate Simulations using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Bacmeister, Julio T.; Wehner, Michael F.; Neale, Richard B. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00387.1	journal	May 2014
The Transpose-AMIP II Experiment and Its Application to the Understanding of Southern Ocean Cloud Biases in Climate Models Williams, K. D.; Bodas-Salcedo, A.; Déqué, M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00429.1	journal	May 2013
OCEANFILMS sea-spray organic aerosol emissions – Part 1: implementation and impacts on clouds Burrows, Susannah M.; Easter, Richard; Liu, Xiaohong Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-70	journal	May 2018
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Eyring, Veronika; Bony, Sandrine; Meehl, Gerald A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016	journal	January 2016
Influence of explicit Phaeocystis parameterizations on the global distribution of marine dimethyl sulfide Wang, Shanlin; Elliott, Scott; Maltrud, Mathew Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 120, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003017	journal	November 2015
A Method of Specifying the Gravity Wave Spectrum above Convection Based on Latent Heating Properties and Background Wind Beres, Jadwiga H.; Alexander, M. Joan; Holton, James R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 61, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0324:AMOSTG>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 2004
On the characteristics of aerosol indirect effect based on dynamic regimes in global climate models Zhang, Shipeng; Wang, Minghuai; Ghan, Steven J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2765-2016	journal	January 2016
CAM-SE: A scalable spectral element dynamical core for the Community Atmosphere Model Dennis, John M.; Edwards, Jim; Evans, Katherine J. The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342011428142	journal	November 2011
Challenges in constraining anthropogenic aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing using present-day spatiotemporal variability Ghan, Steven; Wang, Minghuai; Zhang, Shipeng Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514036113	journal	February 2016
An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design Taylor, Karl E.; Stouffer, Ronald J.; Meehl, Gerald A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1	journal	April 2012
Surface Irradiances Consistent with CERES-Derived Top-of-Atmosphere Shortwave and Longwave Irradiances Kato, Seiji; Loeb, Norman G.; Rose, Fred G. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00436.1	journal	May 2013
The Dynamical Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3 Donner, Leo J.; Wyman, Bruce L.; Hemler, Richard S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1	journal	July 2011
MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Rienecker, Michele M.; Suarez, Max J.; Gelaro, Ronald Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1	journal	July 2011
Toward Optimal Closure of the Earth's Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation Budget Loeb, Norman G.; Wielicki, Bruce A.; Doelling, David R. Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2637.1	journal	February 2009
Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave Mlawer, Eli J.; Taubman, Steven J.; Brown, Patrick D. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237	journal	July 1997
Short ensembles: an efficient method for discerning climate-relevant sensitivities in atmospheric general circulation models Wan, H.; Rasch, P. J.; Zhang, K. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1961-2014	journal	January 2014
An update on Earth's energy balance in light of the latest global observations Stephens, Graeme L.; Li, Juilin; Wild, Martin Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1580	journal	September 2012
Sensitivity of remote aerosol distributions to representation of cloud–aerosol interactions in a global climate model Wang, H.; Easter, R. C.; Rasch, P. J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-765-2013	journal	January 2013
Small-Scale and Mesoscale Variability in Cloudy Boundary Layers: Joint Probability Density Functions Larson, Vincent E.; Golaz, Jean-Christophe; Cotton, William R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3519:SSAMVI>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2002
A sensitivity study on modeling black carbon in snow and its radiative forcing over the Arctic and Northern China Qian, Yun; Wang, Hailong; Zhang, Rudong Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064001	journal	May 2014
Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Atmospheric Circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3 Richter, Jadwiga H.; Rasch, Philip J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1789.1	journal	April 2008
Effective Diameter in Radiation Transfer: General Definition, Applications, and Limitations Mitchell, David L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2330:EDIRTG>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2002
Using Probability Density Functions to Derive Consistent Closure Relationships among Higher-Order Moments Larson, Vincent E.; Golaz, Jean-Christophe Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 133, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2902.1	journal	April 2005
The Impact of Convection on ENSO: From a Delayed Oscillator to a Series of Events Neale, Richard B.; Richter, Jadwiga H.; Jochum, Markus Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2244.1	journal	November 2008
The effect of horizontal resolution on simulation quality in the Community Atmospheric Model, CAM5.1 Wehner, Michael F.; Reed, Kevin A.; Li, Fuyu Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000276	journal	November 2014
TWP-ICE global atmospheric model intercomparison: Convection responsiveness and resolution impact: TWP-ICE AGCM INTERCOMPARISON Lin, Yanluan; Donner, L. J.; Petch, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017018	journal	May 2012
Performance metrics for climate models Gleckler, P. J.; Taylor, K. E.; Doutriaux, C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008972	journal	January 2008
A New Cloud Physics Parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation Model of Marine Stratocumulus Khairoutdinov, Marat; Kogan, Yefim Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2000
Constraining cloud lifetime effects of aerosols using A-Train satellite observations: CONSTRAINING CLOUD LIFETIME EFFECTS Wang, Minghuai; Ghan, Steven; Liu, Xiaohong Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052204	journal	August 2012
The Mean Climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments Neale, Richard B.; Richter, Jadwiga; Park, Sungsu Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00236.1	journal	July 2013
Drizzle in Stratiform Boundary Layer Clouds. Part II: Microphysical Aspects Wood, R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 62, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3530.1	journal	September 2005
Stratospheric variability and tropospheric ozone Hsu, Juno; Prather, Michael J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue D6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010942	journal	January 2009
The HadGEM2 family of Met Office Unified Model climate configurations Bellouin, N.; Collins, W. J.; Culverwell, I. D. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011	journal	January 2011
Evaluation of Clouds in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model With Satellite Simulators Zhang, Yuying; Xie, Shaocheng; Lin, Wuyin Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001562	journal	May 2019
AMIP Simulation with the CAM4 Spectral Element Dynamical Core Evans, K. J.; Lauritzen, P. H.; Mishra, S. K. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00448.1	journal	February 2013
On the Correspondence between Short- and Long-Time-Scale Systematic Errors in CAM4/CAM5 for the Year of Tropical Convection Xie, Shaocheng; Ma, Hsi-Yen; Boyle, James S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00134.1	journal	November 2012
On the “Downward Control” of Extratropical Diabatic Circulations by Eddy-Induced Mean Zonal Forces Haynes, P. H.; McIntyre, M. E.; Shepherd, T. G. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 48, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0651:OTCOED>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 1991
Higher-Order Turbulence Closure and Its Impact on Climate Simulations in the Community Atmosphere Model Bogenschutz, Peter A.; Gettelman, Andrew; Morrison, Hugh Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00075.1	journal	December 2013
Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model Liu, X.; Ma, P. -L.; Wang, H. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016	journal	January 2016
The Spectral Element Method for the Shallow Water Equations on the Sphere Taylor, Mark; Tribbia, Joseph; Iskandarani, Mohamed Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 130, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.5554	journal	January 1997
Improved Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in E3SM With a Revised Convective Triggering Function Xie, Shaocheng; Wang, Yi‐Chi; Lin, Wuyin Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001702	journal	July 2019
A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes Beheng, K. D. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 33, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90020-5	journal	June 1994
Consistent Vertical and Horizontal Resolution Lindzen, Richard S.; Fox-Rabinovitz, Michael Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 117, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2575:CVAHR>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1989
Effects of vertical resolution and nonorographic gravity wave drag on the simulated climate in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 Richter, Jadwiga H.; Solomon, Abraham; Bacmeister, Julio T. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000303	journal	May 2014
Toward a Physically Based Gravity Wave Source Parameterization in a General Circulation Model Richter, Jadwiga H.; Sassi, Fabrizio; Garcia, Rolando R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3112.1	journal	January 2010
Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves: Analysis of Clouds and Temperature in the Wavenumber–Frequency Domain Wheeler, Matthew; Kiladis, George N. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0374:CCEWAO>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 1999
High-latitude influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation: High-Latitude Influence of the QBO Anstey, James A.; Shepherd, Theodore G. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 140, Issue 678 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2132	journal	March 2013
Composite Analysis of Winter Cyclones in a GCM: Influence on Climatological Humidity Bauer, Mike; Del Genio, Anthony D. Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3690.1	journal	May 2006
Testing cloud microphysics parameterizations in NCAR CAM5 with ISDAC and M-PACE observations Liu, Xiaohong; Xie, Shaocheng; Boyle, James Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015889	journal	January 2011
Different contact angle distributions for heterogeneous ice nucleation in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Hoose, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10411-2014	journal	January 2014
Enhanced solar energy absorption by internally-mixed black carbon in snow grains Flanner, M. G.; Liu, X.; Zhou, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4699-2012	journal	January 2012
Connections Between Clouds, Radiation, and Midlatitude Dynamics: a Review Ceppi, Paulo; Hartmann, Dennis L. Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-015-0010-x	journal	April 2015
The ARM Cloud Radar Simulator for Global Climate Models: Bridging Field Data and Climate Models Zhang, Yuying; Xie, Shaocheng; Klein, Stephen A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 99, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0258.1	journal	January 2018
Advanced Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics for Global Models. Part I: Off-Line Tests and Comparison with Other Schemes Gettelman, A.; Morrison, H. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00102.1	journal	February 2015
The Variability of Modeled Tropical Precipitation Scinocca, John F.; McFarlane, Norman A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 61, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1993:TVOMTP>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2004
Observational constraint on cloud susceptibility weakened by aerosol retrieval limitations Ma, Po-Lun; Rasch, Philip J.; Chepfer, Hélène Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05028-4	journal	July 2018
Parameterization of optical properties for hydrated internally mixed aerosol: PARAMETERIZATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDRATED AEROSOL Ghan, Steven J.; Zaveri, Rahul A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 112, Issue D10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007927	journal	May 2007
A fast, flexible, approximate technique for computing radiative transfer in inhomogeneous cloud fields: FAST, FLEXIBLE, APPROXIMATE RADIATIVE TRANSFER Pincus, Robert; Barker, Howard W.; Morcrette, Jean-Jacques Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 108, Issue D13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003322	journal	July 2003
A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing Lott, François; Miller, Martin J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 123, Issue 537 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353704	journal	January 1997
Global transformation and fate of SOA: Implications of low-volatility SOA and gas-phase fragmentation reactions: Global Modeling of SOA Shrivastava, Manish; Easter, Richard C.; Liu, Xiaohong Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022563	journal	May 2015
Modulation of the boreal wintertime Madden-Julian oscillation by the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation: Modulation of the MJO by the QBO Yoo, Changhyun; Son, Seok-Woo Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067762	journal	February 2016
Impact of a revised convective triggering mechanism on Community Atmosphere Model, Version 2, simulations: Results from short-range weather forecasts Xie, Shaocheng Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004692	journal	January 2004
A Cumulus Cloud Microphysics Parameterization for Cloud-Resolving Models Kogan, Yefim Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 70, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0183.1	journal	May 2013
A comparison of observed (Haloe) and modeled (CCM2) methane and stratospheric water vapor Mote, Philip W.; Holton, James R.; Russell, James M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL01764	journal	July 1993
Recent intensification of winter haze in China linked to foreign emissions and meteorology Yang, Yang; Wang, Hailong; Smith, Steven J. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20437-7	journal	February 2018
Sensitivity of CAM5-Simulated Arctic Clouds and Radiation to Ice Nucleation Parameterization Xie, Shaocheng; Liu, Xiaohong; Zhao, Chuanfeng Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00517.1	journal	August 2013
Resolution dependence of precipitation statistical fidelity in hindcast simulations: ILIAD SIMULATIONS OF PRECIPITATION O'Brien, Travis A.; Collins, William D.; Kashinath, Karthik Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000671	journal	June 2016
The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) Gelaro, Ronald; McCarty, Will; Suárez, Max J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1	journal	July 2017
The spectral element method (SEM) on variable-resolution grids: evaluating grid sensitivity and resolution-aware numerical viscosity Guba, O.; Taylor, M. A.; Ullrich, P. A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2803-2014	journal	January 2014
Conservation of Mass and Energy for the Moist Atmospheric Primitive Equations on Unstructured Grids Taylor, Mark A. Numerical Techniques for Global Atmospheric Models https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11640-7_12	book	January 2011
The JRA-25 Reanalysis Onogi, Kazutoshi; Tsutsui, Junichi; Koide, Hiroshi Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, Vol. 85, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.85.369	journal	January 2007
COSP: Satellite simulation software for model assessment Bodas-Salcedo, A.; Webb, M. J.; Bony, S. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 92, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS2856.1	journal	August 2011
Parametric sensitivity analysis of precipitation at global and local scales in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5 Qian, Yun; Yan, Huiping; Hou, Zhangshuan Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000354	journal	April 2015
Global distribution and surface activity of macromolecules in offline simulations of marine organic chemistry Ogunro, Oluwaseun O.; Burrows, Susannah M.; Elliott, Scott Biogeochemistry, Vol. 126, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0136-x	journal	October 2015
CAUSES: On the Role of Surface Energy Budget Errors to the Warm Surface Air Temperature Error Over the Central United States Ma, H. ‐Y.; Klein, S. A.; Xie, S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027194	journal	March 2018
The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979–Present) Adler, Robert F.; Huffman, George J.; Chang, Alfred Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2003
Modeling the Sun’s Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713 Wang, Y. ‐M.; Lean, J. L.; Sheeley, Jr., N. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 625, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/429689	journal	May 2005
How does increasing horizontal resolution in a global climate model improve the simulation of aerosol-cloud interactions?: RESOLUTION DEPENDENCE OF AIF Ma, Po-Lun; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Minghuai Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064183	journal	June 2015
Effects of Localized Grid Refinement on the General Circulation and Climatology in the Community Atmosphere Model Zarzycki, Colin M.; Jablonowski, Christiane; Thatcher, Diana R. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00599.1	journal	April 2015
Global monsoon: Dominant mode of annual variation in the tropics Wang, Bin; Ding, Qinghua Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Vol. 44, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2007.05.002	journal	March 2008
On the simulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 Richter, Jadwiga H.; Solomon, Abraham; Bacmeister, Julio T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021122	journal	March 2014
A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model Hurrell, James W.; Hack, James J.; Shea, Dennis Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2292.1	journal	October 2008
The Formulation and Atmospheric Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3) Collins, William D.; Rasch, Philip J.; Boville, Byron A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3760.1	journal	June 2006
A PDF-Based Model for Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Method and Model Description Golaz, Jean-Christophe; Larson, Vincent E.; Cotton, William R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3540:APBMFB>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2002
Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) Hoesly, Rachel M.; Smith, Steven J.; Feng, Leyang Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018	journal	January 2018
Understanding Cloud and Convective Characteristics in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model Xie, Shaocheng; Lin, Wuyin; Rasch, Philip J. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001350	journal	October 2018
Evaluating adjusted forcing and model spread for historical and future scenarios in the CMIP5 generation of climate models: FORCING IN CMIP5 CLIMATE MODELS Forster, Piers M.; Andrews, Timothy; Good, Peter Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50174	journal	February 2013
Impact of numerical choices on water conservation in the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1) Zhang, Kai; Rasch, Philip J.; Taylor, Mark A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1971-2018	journal	January 2018
Modeling the QBO-Improvements resulting from higher-model vertical resolution: MODELING THE QBO AND MODEL IMPROVEMENTS Geller, Marvin A.; Zhou, Tiehan; Shindell, D. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000699	journal	July 2016
Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model Zhang, G. J.; McFarlane, Norman A. Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539	journal	September 1995
Improving the global precipitation record: GPCP Version 2.1 Huffman, George J.; Adler, Robert F.; Bolvin, David T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040000	journal	January 2009
Sensitivity of Simulated Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution in the ECHAM5 Atmosphere Model Roeckner, E.; Brokopf, R.; Esch, M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3824.1	journal	August 2006
Arctic climate sensitivity to local black carbon: BLACK CARBON INFLUENCE ON ARCTIC CLIMATE Flanner, Mark G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50176	journal	February 2013
A standard test case suite for two-dimensional linear transport on the sphere: results from a collection of state-of-the-art schemes Lauritzen, P. H.; Ullrich, P. A.; Jablonowski, C. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-105-2014	journal	January 2014
A More Powerful Reality Test for Climate Models Gleckler, Peter; Doutriaux, Charles; Durack, Paul Eos, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO051663	journal	May 2016
Historic global biomass burning emissions for CMIP6 (BB4CMIP) based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models (1750–2015) van Marle, Margreet J. E.; Kloster, Silvia; Magi, Brian I. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3329-2017	journal	January 2017
Overview of experiment design and comparison of models participating in phase 1 of the SPARC Quasi-Biennial Oscillation initiative (QBOi) Butchart, Neal; Anstey, James A.; Hamilton, Kevin Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1009-2018	journal	January 2018
Regionally refined test bed in E3SM atmosphere model version 1 (EAMv1) and applications for high-resolution modeling Tang, Qi; Klein, Stephen A.; Xie, Shaocheng Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2679-2019	journal	January 2019
Global Precipitation at One-Degree Daily Resolution from Multisatellite Observations Huffman, George J.; Adler, Robert F.; Morrissey, Mark M. Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0036:GPAODD>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 2001
Global-mean radiative feedbacks and forcing in atmosphere-only and coupled atmosphere-ocean climate change experiments Ringer, Mark A.; Andrews, Timothy; Webb, Mark J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060347	journal	June 2014
Observational constraints on mixed-phase clouds imply higher climate sensitivity Tan, I.; Storelvmo, T.; Zelinka, M. D. Science, Vol. 352, Issue 6282 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad5300	journal	April 2016
A physically based framework for modeling the organic fractionation of sea spray aerosol from bubble film Langmuir equilibria Burrows, S. M.; Ogunro, O.; Frossard, A. A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13601-2014	journal	January 2014
Stratospheric Control of the Madden–Julian Oscillation Son, Seok-Woo; Lim, Yuna; Yoo, Changhyun Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0620.1	journal	March 2017
Simulations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds in forecasts with CAM3 and AM2 for M-PACE Xie, Shaocheng; Boyle, James; Klein, Stephen A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009225	journal	January 2008
A compatible and conservative spectral element method on unstructured grids Taylor, Mark A.; Fournier, Aimé Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 229, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2010.04.008	journal	August 2010
Mesoscale Dynamics Orlanski, Isidro Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 89, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008EO420004	journal	January 2008
Dependence of DMS global sea-air flux distribution on transfer velocity and concentration field type: DMS GLOBAL SEA-AIR FLUX DISTRIBUTION Elliott, Scott Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 114, Issue G2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000710	journal	April 2009
A “Vertically Lagrangian” Finite-Volume Dynamical Core for Global Models Lin, Shian-Jiann Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2293:AVLFDC>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2004
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research Hurrell, James W.; Holland, M. M.; Gent, P. R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1	journal	September 2013
The Role of Convective Gustiness in Reducing Seasonal Precipitation Biases in the Tropical West Pacific Harrop, Bryce E.; Ma, Po‐Lun; Rasch, Philip J. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001157	journal	April 2018
Evaluating Parameterizations in General Circulation Models: Climate Simulation Meets Weather Prediction Phillips, Thomas J.; Potter, Gerald L.; Williamson, David L. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 85, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-12-1903	journal	December 2004
NCAR_Topo (v1.0): NCAR global model topography generation software for unstructured grids Lauritzen, P. H.; Bacmeister, J. T.; Callaghan, P. F. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3975-2015	journal	January 2015
Impact of horizontal resolution on climate model forecasts of tropical precipitation and diabatic heating for the TWP-ICE period Boyle, James; Klein, Stephen A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014262	journal	January 2010
Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models Iacono, Michael J.; Delamere, Jennifer S.; Mlawer, Eli J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944	journal	January 2008
On the Correspondence between Mean Forecast Errors and Climate Errors in CMIP5 Models Ma, H. -Y.; Xie, S.; Klein, S. A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00474.1	journal	February 2014
High-Resolution Global Climate Simulations with the ECMWF Model in Project Athena: Experimental Design, Model Climate, and Seasonal Forecast Skill Jung, T.; Miller, M. J.; Palmer, T. N. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00265.1	journal	May 2012
Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6: RECOMMENDED EFFECTIVE RADIATIVE FORCING Forster, Piers M.; Richardson, Thomas; Maycock, Amanda C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025320	journal	October 2016
A general circulation model simulation of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease and its impact on mid-latitudes Cariolle, D.; Lasserre-Bigorry, A.; Royer, J. -F. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue D2 https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD02p01883	journal	January 1990
The Mathematical Theory of Frontogenesis Hoskins, B. J. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001023	journal	January 1982
A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types Abdul-Razzak, Hayder; Ghan, Steven J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D5 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901161	journal	March 2000
Using regime analysis to identify the contribution of clouds to surface temperature errors in weather and climate models: Cloud-Regime Analysis and Surface Temperature Errors Van Weverberg, Kwinten; Morcrette, Cyril J.; Ma, Hsi-Yen Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, Issue 693 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2603	journal	September 2015
Technical Note: Estimating aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing Ghan, S. J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9971-2013	journal	January 2013
Parametric Sensitivity and Uncertainty Quantification in the Version 1 of E3SM Atmosphere Model Based on Short Perturbed Parameter Ensemble Simulations Qian, Yun; Wan, Hui; Yang, Ben Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028927	journal	December 2018
Processes controlling Southern Ocean shortwave climate feedbacks in CESM: CESM SOUTHERN OCEAN CLIMATE feedbacks Kay, J. E.; Medeiros, B.; Hwang, Y. -T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058315	journal	January 2014