Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase

Wolf, R. C.; Alonso, A.; Äkäslompolo, S.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beurskens, M.; Beidler, C. D.; Biedermann, C.; Bosch, H. -S.; Bozhenkov, S.; Brakel, R.; Braune, H.; Brezinsek, S.; Brunner, K. -J.; Damm, H.; Dinklage, A.; Drewelow, P.; Effenberg, F.; Feng, Y.; Ford, O.; Fuchert, G.; Gao, Y.; Geiger, J.; Grulke, O.; Harder, N.; Hartmann, D.; Helander, P.; Heinemann, B.; Hirsch, M.; Höfel, U.; Hopf, C.; Ida, K.; Isobe, M.; Jakubowski, M. W.; Kazakov, Y. O.; Killer, C.; Klinger, T.; Knauer, J.; König, R.; Krychowiak, M.; Langenberg, A.; Laqua, H. P.; Lazerson, S.; McNeely, P.; Marsen, S.; Marushchenko, N.; Nocentini, R.; Ogawa, K.; Orozco, G.; Osakabe, M.; Otte, M.; Pablant, N.; Pasch, E.; Pavone, A.; Porkolab, M.; Puig Sitjes, A.; Rahbarnia, K.; Riedl, R.; Rust, N.; Scott, E.; Schilling, J.; Schroeder, R.; Stange, T.; von Stechow, A.; Strumberger, E.; Sunn Pedersen, T.; Svensson, J.; Thomson, H.; Turkin, Y.; Vano, L.; Wauters, T.; Wurden, G.; Yoshinuma, M.; Zanini, M.; Zhang, D.

doi:10.1063/1.5098761

Title: Performance of Wendelstein 7-X stellarator plasmas during the first divertor operation phase

Journal Article · Tue Aug 13 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Physics of Plasmas

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5098761· OSTI ID:1565869

^[1];

^[2];

^[1]; Baldzuhn, J. ^[1]; Beurskens, M. ^[1];

^[1]; Biedermann, C. ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]; Brakel, R. ^[1]; Braune, H. ^[1];

^[3];

^[1];

^[4]; Feng, Y. ^[1];

^[1]; Fuchert, G. ^[1] more »

Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstrasse 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Research Center Jülich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research Plasma Physics, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany
University of Wisconsin Madison, Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan
Laboratory for Plasma Physics, LPP-ERM/KMS, Avenue de la Renaissance 30, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Rd., Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA

Wendelstein 7-X is the first comprehensively optimized stellarator aiming at good confinement with plasma parameters relevant to a future stellarator power plant. Plasma operation started in 2015 using a limiter configuration. After installing an uncooled magnetic island divertor, extending the energy limit from 4 to 80 MJ, operation continued in 2017. For this phase, the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) capability was extended to 7 MW, and hydrogen pellet injection was implemented. The enhancements resulted in the highest triple product (6.5 × 10¹⁹ keV m^₋3 s) achieved in a stellarator until now. Plasma conditions [T_e(0) ≈ T_i(0) ≈ 3.8 keV, τ_E > 200 ms] already were in the stellarator reactor-relevant ion-root plasma transport regime. Stable operation above the 2nd harmonic ECRH X-mode cutoff was demonstrated, which is instrumental for achieving high plasma densities in Wendelstein 7-X. Further important developments include the confirmation of low intrinsic error fields, the observation of current-drive induced instabilities, and first fast ion heating and confinement experiments. The efficacy of the magnetic island divertor was instrumental in achieving high performance in Wendelstein 7-X. Symmetrization of the heat loads between the ten divertor modules could be achieved by external resonant magnetic fields. Full divertor power detachment facilitated the extension of high power plasmas significantly beyond the energy limit of 80 MJ.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC). Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) (SC-24)

Contributing Organization:: the Wendelstein 7-X Team

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1565869

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-19-23413; TRN: US2000921

Journal Information:: Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 26, Issue 8; Conference: 60. Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics, Portland, OR (United States), 5-9 Nov 2018; ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 57 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (77)

Ripple transport in helical-axis advanced stellarators: a comparison with classical stellarator/torsatrons Beidler, C. D.; Hitchon, W. N. G. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/36/2/007	journal	February 1994
Progress in the design and development of a test divertor (TDU) for the start of W7-X operation Peacock, A.; Greuner, H.; Hurd, F. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 84, Issue 7-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2009.01.053	journal	June 2009
Argon impurity transport studies at Wendelstein 7-X using x-ray imaging spectrometer measurements Langenberg, A.; Pablant, N. A.; Marchuk, O. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa70f4	journal	June 2017
First measurements of error fields on W7-X using flux surface mapping Lazerson, Samuel A.; Otte, Matthias; Bozhenkov, Sergey Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/56/10/106005	journal	August 2016
Density limits in toroidal plasmas Greenwald, Martin Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/8/201	journal	July 2002
Design improvement of the target elements of Wendelstein 7-X divertor Boscary, J.; Peacock, A.; Friedrich, T. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 87, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2012.03.034	journal	August 2012
Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation Klinger, T.; Andreeva, T.; Bozhenkov, S. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab03a7	journal	June 2019
The WENDELSTEIN 7-X mechanical structure support elements: Design and tests Gasparotto, M.; Elio, F.; Heinemann, B. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 74, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.039	journal	November 2005
Remote-Steering Antennas for 140 GHz Electron Cyclotron Heating of the Stellarator W7-X Lechte, C.; Kasparek, W.; Plaum, B. EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 147 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714704004	journal	January 2017
Stellarator and tokamak plasmas: a comparison Helander, P.; Beidler, C. D.; Bird, T. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/54/12/124009	journal	November 2012
Performance and properties of the first plasmas of Wendelstein 7-X Klinger, T.; Alonso, A.; Bozhenkov, S. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/59/1/014018	journal	October 2016
Neoclassical transport simulations for stellarators Turkin, Y.; Beidler, C. D.; Maaßberg, H. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3553025	journal	February 2011
Comparison of particle trajectories and collision operators for collisional transport in nonaxisymmetric plasmas Landreman, M.; Smith, H. M.; Mollén, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4870077	journal	April 2014
Benchmarking of the mono-energetic transport coefficients—results from the International Collaboration on Neoclassical Transport in Stellarators (ICNTS) Beidler, C. D.; Allmaier, K.; Isaev, M. Yu. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/076001	journal	June 2011
Wendelstein 7-X Program—Demonstration of a Stellarator Option for Fusion Energy Wolf, R. C.; Beidler, C. D.; Dinklage, A. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 44, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2016.2564919	journal	September 2016
Design and construction of WENDELSTEIN 7-X Wanner, M.; Feist, J. -H; Renner, H. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 56-57 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(01)00239-3	journal	October 2001
Aspects of steady-state operation of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Geiger, J.; Wolf, R. C.; Beidler, C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/55/1/014006	journal	December 2012
Theory of plasma confinement in non-axisymmetric magnetic fields Helander, Per Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/8/087001	journal	July 2014
Measurements and correction of the 1/1 error field in Wendelstein 7-X Bozhenkov, S. A.; Otte, M.; Biedermann, C. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aaf20c	journal	December 2018
Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Wolf, R. C.; Ali, A.; Alonso, A. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa770d	journal	July 2017
Global ideal magnetohydrodynamic stability analysis for the configurational space of Wendelstein 7–X Nührenberg, Carolin Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.871924	journal	June 1996
Study and design of the ion cyclotron resonance heating system for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X Ongena, J.; Messiaen, A.; Van Eester, D. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4884377	journal	June 2014
Comparison between stellarator and tokamak divertor transport Feng, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Lunt, T. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/2/024009	journal	January 2011
Divertor concept for the W7-X stellarator and mode of operation Renner, H.; Boscary, J.; Greuner, H. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 44, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/6/325	journal	May 2002
Limiter observations during W7-X first plasmas Wurden, G. A.; Biedermann, C.; Effenberg, F. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa6609	journal	April 2017
Up-scaling the island divertor along the W7-stellarator line Feng, Y. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.102	journal	July 2013
Overview of the Wendelstein 7-X phase contrast imaging diagnostic Edlund, E. M.; Porkolab, M.; Huang, Z. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038804	journal	October 2018
Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Dinklage, A.; Beidler, C. D.; Helander, P. Nature Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0141-9	journal	May 2018
Chapter 6: Steady state operation Gormezano, C.; Sips, A. C. C.; Luce, T. C. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/S06	journal	June 2007
Key results from the first plasma operation phase and outlook for future performance in Wendelstein 7-X Sunn Pedersen, Thomas; Dinklage, Andreas; Turkin, Yuriy Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4983629	journal	May 2017
Design and technological solutions for the plasma facing components of WENDELSTEIN 7-X Boscary, J.; Stadler, R.; Peacock, A. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 86, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.11.020	journal	October 2011
Progress in the Integrated Development of the Helical System Yamada, H.; Kawahata, K.; Mutoh, T. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST10-A10789	journal	August 2010
The Wendelstein 7-X Trim Coil System Rummel, Thomas; Neilson, Hutch; Risze, Konrad IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2013.2284671	journal	June 2014
Armoring of the Wendelstein 7-X divertor-observation immersion-tubes based on NBI fast-ion simulations Äkäslompolo, Simppa; Drewelow, Peter; Gao, Yu Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.099	journal	September 2019
First island divertor experiments on the W7-AS stellarator Grigull, P.; McCormick, K.; Baldzuhn, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 43, Issue 12A https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/43/12A/313	journal	November 2001
Core radial electric field and transport in Wendelstein 7-X plasmas Pablant, N. A.; Langenberg, A.; Alonso, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4999842	journal	February 2018
Physics in the magnetic configuration space of W7-X Geiger, J.; Beidler, C. D.; Feng, Y. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/57/1/014004	journal	November 2014
Engineering Challenges in W7-X: Lessons Learned and Status for the Second Operation Phase Bosch, H. -S.; Andreeva, T.; Brakel, R. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2018.2818934	journal	May 2018
Major results from the stellarator Wendelstein 7-AS Hirsch, M.; Baldzuhn, J.; Beidler, C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/5/053001	journal	March 2008
Setup and initial results from the magnetic flux surface diagnostics at Wendelstein 7-X Otte, M.; Aßmus, D.; Biedermann, C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/58/6/064003	journal	May 2016
Diamagnetic energy measurement during the first operational phase at the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Rahbarnia, K.; Thomsen, H.; Neuner, U. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aacab0	journal	July 2018
ASCOT: Solving the kinetic equation of minority particle species in tokamak plasmas Hirvijoki, E.; Asunta, O.; Koskela, T. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 185, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2014.01.014	journal	April 2014
Methods for measuring 1/1 error field in Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Bozhenkov, S. A.; Lazerson, S.; Otte, M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 56, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/56/7/076002	journal	June 2016
Collisionless alpha -particle confinement in stellarators Lotz, W.; Merkel, P.; Nuhrenberg, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/34/6/010	journal	June 1992
Progress in the ITER Physics Basis Ikeda, K. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/E01	journal	June 2007
Electron-cyclotron-resonance heating in Wendelstein 7-X: A versatile heating and current-drive method and a tool for in-depth physics studies Wolf, R. C.; Bozhenkov, S.; Dinklage, A. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aaeab2	journal	November 2018
The Stellarator Concept Spitzer, Lyman Physics of Fluids, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1705883	journal	January 1958
Technical challenges in the construction of the steady-state stellarator Wendelstein 7-X Bosch, H. -S.; Wolf, R. C.; Andreeva, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/12/126001	journal	November 2013
Final integration, commissioning and start of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator operation Bosch, H. -S.; Brakel, R.; Braeuer, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa7cbb	journal	August 2017
Infrared imaging systems for wall protection in the W7-X stellarator (invited) Jakubowski, Marcin; Drewelow, Peter; Fellinger, Joris Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 89, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038634	journal	October 2018
CASTOR3D: linear stability studies for 2D and 3D tokamak equilibria Strumberger, E.; Günter, S. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/57/1/016032	journal	November 2016
Design of the Wendelstein 7-X inertially cooled Test Divertor Unit Scraper Element Lumsdaine, Arnold; Boscary, Jean; Fellinger, Joris Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 98-99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.02.012	journal	October 2015
Wall conditioning throughout the first carbon divertor campaign on Wendelstein 7-X Wauters, Tom; Goriaev, Andrei; Alonso, Arturo Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2018.11.004	journal	December 2018
Error fields in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Lazerson, Samuel A.; Bozhenkov, Sergey; Israeli, Ben Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aae96b	journal	November 2018
First results from divertor operation in Wendelstein 7-X Pedersen, Thomas Sunn; König, Ralf; Krychowiak, Maciej Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aaec25	journal	November 2018
Characterization of energy confinement in net-current free plasmas using the extended International Stellarator Database Yamada, H.; Harris, J. H.; Dinklage, A. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 45, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/45/12/024	journal	November 2005
Sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks Park, W. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/30/11/019	journal	November 1990
ECRH and W7-X: An intriguing pair Erckmann, V.; Braune, H.; Gantenbein, G. REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4864608	conference	January 2014
Current status of the neutral beam heating system of W7-X McNeely, Paul; Barlak, Marek; Baldzuhn, Jürgen Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 88, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.03.006	journal	October 2013
Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000 Pedersen, T. Sunn; Otte, M.; Lazerson, S. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13493	journal	November 2016
First Observation of a Stable Highly Dissipative Divertor Plasma Regime on the Wendelstein 7-X Stellarator Zhang, D.; König, R.; Feng, Y. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.025002	journal	July 2019
Studies towards an upgraded 1.5 MW gyrotron for W7-X Avramidis, Konstantinos A.; Ruess, Tobias; Mentgen, Felix EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 203 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920304003	journal	January 2019
Advanced electron cyclotron heating and current drive experiments on the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X Stange, Torsten; Laqua, Heinrich Peter; Beurskens, Marc EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 157 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201715702008	journal	January 2017
Correction possibilities of magnetic field errors in WENDELSTEIN 7-X Kißlinger, J.; Andreeva, T. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 74, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.124	journal	November 2005
Das Fusionsexperiment WENDELSTEIN 7-X Grieger, G.; Milch, I. Physik Journal, Vol. 49, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/phbl.19930491106	journal	November 1993
Investigation of 3D effects on heat fluxes in performance-optimized island divertor configurations at Wendelstein 7-X Effenberg, F.; Niemann, H.; Feng, Y. Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2019.01.006	journal	January 2019
Fast particle confinement with optimized coil currents in the W7-X stellarator Drevlak, M.; Geiger, J.; Helander, P. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/54/7/073002	journal	April 2014
Modelling of NBI ion wall loads in the W7-X stellarator Äkäslompolo, S.; Drevlak, M.; Turkin, Y. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aac4e5	journal	June 2018
The Thomson scattering system at Wendelstein 7-X Pasch, E.; Beurskens, M. N. A.; Bozhenkov, S. A. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962248	journal	September 2016
Advanced electron cyclotron heating and current drive experiments on the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X Stange, Torsten; Laqua, Heinrich Peter; Beurskens, Marc Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000076655	text	January 2017
Electron-cyclotron-resonance heating in Wendelstein 7-X: A versatile heating and current-drive method and a tool for in-depth physics studies Wolf, R. C.; Bozhenkov, S.; Dinklage, A. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000089099	text	January 2019
Sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks. Tsuji, Shunji; Azumi, Masafumi Kakuyūgō kenkyū, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.61.287	journal	January 1989
The Stellarator Concept Spitzer, Lyman IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.1981.4317418	journal	January 1981
Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation Klinger, T.; Andreeva, T.; Bozhenkov, Sergey Technische Universität Berlin https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-15100	text	January 2019
Studies towards an upgraded 1.5 MW gyrotron for W7-X Avramidis, Konstantinos A.; Ruess, Tobias; Mentgen, Felix Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000092669	text	January 2019
ASCOT: solving the kinetic equation of minority particle species in tokamak plasmas Hirvijoki, Eero; Asunta, Otto; Koskela, Tuomas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1308.1904	text	January 2013
Comparison of particle trajectories and collision operators for collisional transport in nonaxisymmetric plasmas Landreman, Matt; Smith, Håkan M.; Mollén, Albert arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1312.6058	text	January 2013

Cited By (4)

Coherence imaging spectroscopy at Wendelstein 7-X for impurity flow measurements Perseo, Valeria; Gradic, Dorothea; König, Ralf Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 91, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5126098	journal	January 2020
Soft x-ray tomography measurements in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator Brandt, C.; Schilling, J.; Thomsen, H. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab630d	journal	January 2020
Suppression of electrostatic micro-instabilities in maximum- J stellarators Alcusón, J. A.; Xanthopoulos, P.; Plunk, G. G. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 62, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ab630e	journal	January 2020
27th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference: summary of sessions EX/C, EX/S and PPC Campbell, D. J. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab5cee	journal	January 2020