The Summertime Precipitation Bias in E3SM Atmosphere Model Version 1 over the Central United States

Zheng, X.; Golaz, J. ‐C.; Xie, S.; Tang, Q.; Lin, W.; Zhang, M.; Ma, H. ‐Y.; Roesler, E. L.

doi:10.1029/2019JD030662

Title: The Summertime Precipitation Bias in E3SM Atmosphere Model Version 1 over the Central United States

Journal Article · Thu Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030662· OSTI ID:1561449

^[1];

^[1]; Lin, W. ^[2];

^[3];

^[1];

^[4]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States). School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

This study analyzes the summertime precipitation bias over the Central United States and its relationship to the simulated large-scale environment and the convection scheme in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1. This relationship is mainly examined in a set of short-term hindcasts initialized with realistic large-scale conditions for the summer of 2011. Besides the uniform 1° model resolution, we adopt Regionally Refined Meshes to increase the model resolution to 0.25°over the contiguous United States. Additional five-year Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations are conducted to confirm that the results from the hindcasts are consistent with the climate runs. We find that the summertime dry precipitation bias over the Great Plains and the wet bias over the Rockies cannot be reduced simultaneously by changing resolution or tuning parameters. As for the diurnal cycle, Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1 captures the general diurnal variation of the large-scale moisture transport and the large-scale upward motion over the Central United States. However, the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Great Plains is out of phase with the diurnal variation of the large-scale environment because the convective precipitation dominates the total precipitation and its diurnal cycle, and it does not directly respond to the local moisture convergence and the large-scale upward motion. These results reemphasize the importance of improving the coupling of the convection to the large-scale environment in reducing the summer precipitation bias over the Central United States in climate models with the resolution of ~0.25°.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1561449

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-769840; 961115

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 124, Issue 16; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 9 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (82)

Exploratory High-Resolution Climate Simulations using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Bacmeister, Julio T.; Wehner, Michael F.; Neale, Richard B. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00387.1	journal	May 2014
The Transpose-AMIP II Experiment and Its Application to the Understanding of Southern Ocean Cloud Biases in Climate Models Williams, K. D.; Bodas-Salcedo, A.; Déqué, M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00429.1	journal	May 2013
Improving the diurnal cycle of convection in GCMs Stratton, R. A.; Stirling, A. J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 138, Issue 666 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.991	journal	December 2011
Effects of Localized Grid Refinement on the General Circulation and Climatology in the Community Atmosphere Model Zarzycki, Colin M.; Jablonowski, Christiane; Thatcher, Diana R. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00599.1	journal	April 2015
Low-Level Jets in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR): A Comparison with Rawinsonde Observations Walters, Claudia K.; Winkler, Julie A.; Husseini, Sara Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0364.1	journal	September 2014
Constrained Variational Analysis of Sounding Data Based on Column-Integrated Budgets of Mass, Heat, Moisture, and Momentum: Approach and Application to ARM Measurements Zhang, M. H.; Lin, J. L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 54, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1503:CVAOSD>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1997
Observations of Elevated Convection Initiation Leading to a Surface-Based Squall Line during 13 June IHOP_2002 Marsham, John H.; Trier, Stanley B.; Weckwerth, Tammy M. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 139, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3422.1	journal	January 2011
A PDF-Based Model for Boundary Layer Clouds. Part I: Method and Model Description Golaz, Jean-Christophe; Larson, Vincent E.; Cotton, William R. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3540:APBMFB>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2002
The Late-Spring Maximum of Rainfall over the U.S. Central Plains and the Role of the Low-Level Jet Wang, Shih-Yu; Chen, Tsing-Chang Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2719.1	journal	September 2009
Numerical Study of an Observed Orogenic Mesoscale Convective System. Part 1: Simulated Genesis and Comparison with Observations Tripoli, Gregory J.; Cotton, William R. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 117, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0273:NSOAOO>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 1989
Understanding Cloud and Convective Characteristics in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model Xie, Shaocheng; Lin, Wuyin; Rasch, Philip J. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001350	journal	October 2018
North American Regional Reanalysis Mesinger, Fedor; DiMego, Geoff; Kalnay, Eugenia Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343	journal	March 2006
Sensitivity to Horizontal Resolution in the AGCM Simulations of Warm Season Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over the United States and Northern Mexico Lee, Myong-In; Schubert, Siegfried D.; Suarez, Max J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4090.1	journal	May 2007
CAUSES: Attribution of Surface Radiation Biases in NWP and Climate Models near the U.S. Southern Great Plains Van Weverberg, K.; Morcrette, C. J.; Petch, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027188	journal	April 2018
Diagnosis of the summertime warm and dry bias over the U.S. Southern Great Plains in the GFDL climate model using a weather forecasting approach: GFDL CLIMATE MODEL SUMMERTIME BIAS Klein, Stephen A.; Jiang, Xianan; Boyle, Jim Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027567	journal	September 2006
Rainfall Occurrence in the U.S. Warm Season: The Diurnal Cycle Carbone, R. E.; Tuttle, J. D. Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2275.1	journal	August 2008
The 2015 Plains Elevated Convection at Night Field Project Geerts, Bart; Parsons, David; Ziegler, Conrad L. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 98, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00257.1	journal	April 2017
Convective quasi-equilibrium in midlatitude continental environment and its effect on convective parameterization Zhang, Guang J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001005	journal	January 2002
Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model Zhang, G. J.; McFarlane, Norman A. Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539	journal	September 1995
The Low-Level Jet over the Southern Great Plains Determined from Observations and Reanalyses and Its Impact on Moisture Transport Berg, Larry K.; Riihimaki, Laura D.; Qian, Yun Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00719.1	journal	September 2015
A Comparison of MERRA and NARR Reanalyses with the DOE ARM SGP Data Kennedy, Aaron D.; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3978.1	journal	September 2011
The atmospheric hydrologic cycle in the ACME v0.3 model Terai, Christopher R.; Caldwell, Peter M.; Klein, Stephen A. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 50, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3803-x	journal	July 2017
An Explanation for the Sensitivity of the Mean State of the Community Atmosphere Model to Horizontal Resolution on Aquaplanets Herrington, Adam R.; Reed, Kevin A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0069.1	journal	July 2017
Orogenic Propagating Precipitation Systems over the United States in a Global Climate Model with Embedded Explicit Convection Pritchard, Michael S.; Moncrieff, Mitchell W.; Somerville, Richard C. J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 68, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3699.1	journal	August 2011
Impact of the convection triggering function on single-column model simulations Xie, Shaocheng; Zhang, Minghua Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900170	journal	June 2000
Regionally refined test bed in E3SM atmosphere model version 1 (EAMv1) and applications for high-resolution modeling Tang, Qi; Klein, Stephen A.; Xie, Shaocheng Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2679-2019	journal	January 2019
The Probability Density Function of Rain Rate and the Estimation of Rainfall by Area Integrals Sauvageot, Henri Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 33, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1255:TPDFOR>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1994
Inferences of Predictability Associated with Warm Season Precipitation Episodes Carbone, R. E.; Tuttle, J. D.; Ahijevych, D. A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2033:IOPAWW>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 2002
Climatology of summer midtropospheric perturbations in the US northern plains. Part II: large-scale effects of the Rocky Mountains on genesis Wang, Shih-Yu; Chen, Tsing-Chang; Takle, Eugene S. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 36, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0765-7	journal	March 2010
Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application Lamarque, J. -F.; Bond, T. C.; Eyring, V. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010	journal	January 2010
Using Probability Density Functions to Derive Consistent Closure Relationships among Higher-Order Moments Larson, Vincent E.; Golaz, Jean-Christophe Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 133, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2902.1	journal	April 2005
The Impact of Convection on ENSO: From a Delayed Oscillator to a Series of Events Neale, Richard B.; Richter, Jadwiga H.; Jochum, Markus Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2244.1	journal	November 2008
The effect of horizontal resolution on simulation quality in the Community Atmospheric Model, CAM5.1 Wehner, Michael F.; Reed, Kevin A.; Li, Fuyu Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000276	journal	November 2014
Diurnal Spatial Variability of Great Plains Summer Precipitation Related to the Dynamics of the Low-Level Jet Pu, Bing; Dickinson, Robert E. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0243.1	journal	May 2014
Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model Medeiros, Brian; Williamson, David L.; Hannay, Cécile Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00503.1	journal	September 2012
A compatible and conservative spectral element method on unstructured grids Taylor, Mark A.; Fournier, Aimé Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 229, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2010.04.008	journal	August 2010
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system Dee, D. P.; Uppala, S. M.; Simmons, A. J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 656 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828	journal	April 2011
The Use of Moisture Flux Convergence in Forecasting Convective Initiation: Historical and Operational Perspectives Banacos, Peter C.; Schultz, David M. Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF858.1	journal	June 2005
Precipitation Partitioning, Tropical Clouds, and Intraseasonal Variability in GFDL AM2 Lin, Yanluan; Zhao, Ming; Ming, Yi Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00442.1	journal	August 2013
Impacts of the triggering function of cumulus parameterization on warm-season diurnal rainfall cycles at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site: CONVECTIVE TRIGGER ON SGP NOCTURNAL RAIN Wang, Yi-Chi; Pan, Hua-Lu; Hsu, Huang-Hsiung Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023337	journal	October 2015
On the Correspondence between Short- and Long-Time-Scale Systematic Errors in CAM4/CAM5 for the Year of Tropical Convection Xie, Shaocheng; Ma, Hsi-Yen; Boyle, James S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00134.1	journal	November 2012
Interactions between cumulus convection and its environment as revealed by the MC3E sounding array: Convection with its environment Xie, Shaocheng; Zhang, Yunyan; Giangrande, Scott E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022011	journal	October 2014
The path to CAM6: coupled simulations with CAM5.4 and CAM5.5 Bogenschutz, Peter A.; Gettelman, Andrew; Hannay, Cecile Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-235-2018	journal	January 2018
North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments. Part I: Evaluation of Historical Simulations of Continental and Regional Climatology Sheffield, Justin; Barrett, Andrew P.; Colle, Brian Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00592.1	journal	December 2013
Description and evaluation of a new four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) within version 5.3 of the Community Atmosphere Model Liu, X.; Ma, P. -L.; Wang, H. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-505-2016	journal	January 2016
The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution Golaz, Jean‐Christophe; Caldwell, Peter M.; Van Roekel, Luke P. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001603	journal	July 2019
Evaluating Parameterizations in General Circulation Models: Climate Simulation Meets Weather Prediction Phillips, Thomas J.; Potter, Gerald L.; Williamson, David L. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 85, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-12-1903	journal	December 2004
Improved Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation in E3SM With a Revised Convective Triggering Function Xie, Shaocheng; Wang, Yi‐Chi; Lin, Wuyin Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001702	journal	July 2019
Coherence of Warm-Season Continental Rainfall in Numerical Weather Prediction Models Davis, Christopher A.; Manning, Kevin W.; Carbone, Richard E. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 131, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2667:COWCRI>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 2003
NCAR_Topo (v1.0): NCAR global model topography generation software for unstructured grids Lauritzen, P. H.; Bacmeister, J. T.; Callaghan, P. F. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3975-2015	journal	January 2015
An Overview of the Atmospheric Component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Rasch, P. J.; Xie, S.; Ma, P. ‐L. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001629	journal	August 2019
Role of eastward propagating convection systems in the diurnal cycle and seasonal mean of summertime rainfall over the U.S. Great Plains Jiang, Xianan; Lau, Ngar-Cheung; Klein, Stephen A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027022	journal	January 2006
More frequent intense and long-lived storms dominate the springtime trend in central US rainfall Feng, Zhe; Leung, L. Ruby; Hagos, Samson Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13429	journal	November 2016
On the Correspondence between Mean Forecast Errors and Climate Errors in CMIP5 Models Ma, H. -Y.; Xie, S.; Klein, S. A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00474.1	journal	February 2014
Role of convection triggers in the simulation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the United States Great Plains in a general circulation model Lee, Myong-In; Schubert, Siegfried D.; Suarez, Max J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008984	journal	January 2008
Causes of model dry and warm bias over central U.S. and impact on climate projections Lin, Yanluan; Dong, Wenhao; Zhang, Minghua Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01040-2	journal	October 2017
CAUSES: Diagnosis of the Summertime Warm Bias in CMIP5 Climate Models at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site Zhang, Chengzhu; Xie, Shaocheng; Klein, Stephen A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027200	journal	March 2018
Dreary state of precipitation in global models: MODEL AND OBSERVED PRECIPITATION Stephens, Graeme L.; L'Ecuyer, Tristan; Forbes, Richard Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 115, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014532	journal	December 2010
Regional Climate Simulations With the Community Earth System Model Gettelman, A.; Callaghan, P.; Larson, V. E. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001227	journal	June 2018
High-Resolution Mesh Convergence Properties and Parallel Efficiency of a Spectral Element Atmospheric Dynamical Core Dennis, John; Fournier, Aimé; Spotz, William F. The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342005056108	journal	August 2005
Different contact angle distributions for heterogeneous ice nucleation in the Community Atmospheric Model version 5 Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Hoose, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10411-2014	journal	January 2014
Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models Dai, Aiguo Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3884.1	journal	September 2006
Advanced Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics for Global Models. Part I: Off-Line Tests and Comparison with Other Schemes Gettelman, A.; Morrison, H. Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00102.1	journal	February 2015
Projecting 21st century snowpack trends in western USA mountains using variable-resolution CESM Rhoades, Alan M.; Ullrich, Paul A.; Zarzycki, Colin M. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 50, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3606-0	journal	March 2017
Impact of Physics Parameterization Ordering in a Global Atmosphere Model Donahue, Aaron S.; Caldwell, Peter M. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001067	journal	February 2018
An improved hindcast approach for evaluation and diagnosis of physical processes in global climate models: AN IMPROVED HINDCAST APPROACH Ma, H. -Y.; Chuang, C. C.; Klein, S. A. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000490	journal	November 2015
Corridors of Warm Season Precipitation in the Central United States Tuttle, John D.; Davis, Chris A. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 134, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3188.1	journal	September 2006
Modulation of the Diurnal Cycle of Warm-Season Precipitation by Short-Wave Troughs Tuttle, John D.; Davis, Chris A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 70, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0181.1	journal	June 2013
The future intensification of hourly precipitation extremes Prein, Andreas F.; Rasmussen, Roy M.; Ikeda, Kyoko Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3168	journal	December 2016
Using regime analysis to identify the contribution of clouds to surface temperature errors in weather and climate models: Cloud-Regime Analysis and Surface Temperature Errors Van Weverberg, Kwinten; Morcrette, Cyril J.; Ma, Hsi-Yen Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, Issue 693 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2603	journal	September 2015
Resolution dependence of precipitation statistical fidelity in hindcast simulations: ILIAD SIMULATIONS OF PRECIPITATION O'Brien, Travis A.; Collins, William D.; Kashinath, Karthik Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000671	journal	June 2016
A multiresolution method for climate system modeling: application of spherical centroidal Voronoi tessellations Ringler, Todd; Ju, Lili; Gunzburger, Max Ocean Dynamics, Vol. 58, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0157-2	journal	November 2008
A New Terrain-Following Vertical Coordinate Formulation for Atmospheric Prediction Models Schär, Christoph; Leuenberger, Daniel; Fuhrer, Oliver Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 130, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2459:ANTFVC>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2002
The effect of time steps and time-scales on parametrization suites Williamson, David L. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 139, Issue 671 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1992	journal	August 2012
Representing subgrid convective initiation in the C ommunity E arth S ystem M odel Tawfik, Ahmed B.; Lawrence, David M.; Dirmeyer, Paul A. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000866	journal	July 2017
Introduction to CAUSES: Description of Weather and Climate Models and Their Near‐Surface Temperature Errors in 5 day Hindcasts Near the Southern Great Plains Morcrette, C. J.; Van Weverberg, K.; Ma, H. ‐Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027199	journal	March 2018
Roles of tropospheric and boundary layer forcing in the diurnal cycle of convection in the U.S. southern great plains: TROPOSPHERIC AND BOUNDARY LAYER FORCING Zhang, Guang J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018554	journal	December 2003
Assessment of marine boundary layer cloud simulations in the CAM with CLUBB and updated microphysics scheme based on ARM observations from the Azores: MBL CLOUDS IN CAM-CLUBB-MG2 VERSUS ARM OBSERVATIONS Zheng, X.; Klein, S. A.; Ma, H. -Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025274	journal	July 2016
A multimodel intercomparison of resolution effects on precipitation: simulations and theory Rauscher, Sara A.; O’Brien, Travis A.; Piani, Claudio Climate Dynamics, Vol. 47, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2959-5	journal	February 2016
CAUSES: On the Role of Surface Energy Budget Errors to the Warm Surface Air Temperature Error Over the Central United States Ma, H. ‐Y.; Klein, S. A.; Xie, S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027194	journal	March 2018
Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application Lamarque, J. -F.; Bond, T. C.; Eyring, V. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-4963-2010	journal	January 2010
Different contact angle distributions for heterogeneous ice nucleation in the community atmospheric model version 5 Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Hoose, C. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000046843	text	January 2014