Statistics of the Charge Spectrum of Photo-Multipliers and Methods for Absolute Calibration
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
In this paper, we derive the full expression for the shape of the charge distribution that results from the illumination of a photo-multiplier tube. The derivation assumes that the photo-multiplier is operated with low intensity illumination with constant gain. Under these conditions, it is shown that an analytic expression can be formulated that describes details of the spectrum including the pedestal and dark noise with excellent fidelity to allow statistical fits to data. The full formula and its limiting forms under various simplifying assumptions are presented with strategies on their use. The analytic description can be used to formulate data acquisition strategies to perform precise absolute calibration of photo-multipliers, the digitizers, and the data acquisition system.
- Research Organization:
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- DOE Contract Number:
- SC0012704
- OSTI ID:
- 1561237
- Report Number(s):
- BNL-212076-2019-FORE
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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