20 years of research on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

Greenwald, M.; Bader, A.; Baek, S.; Bakhtiari, M.; Barnard, H.; Beck, W.; Bergerson, W.; Bespamyatnov, I.; Bonoli, P.; Brower, D.; Brunner, D.; Burke, W.; Candy, J.; Churchill, M.; Cziegler, I.; Diallo, A.; Dominguez, A.; Duval, B.; Edlund, E.; Ennever, P.; Ernst, D.; Faust, I.; Fiore, C.; Fredian, T.; Garcia, O.; Gao, C.; Goetz, J.; Golfinopoulos, T.; Granetz, R.; Grulke, O.; Hartwig, Z.; Horne, S.; Howard, N.; Hubbard, A.; Hughes, J.; Hutchinson, I.; Irby, J.; Izzo, V.; Kessel, C.; LaBombard, B.; Lau, C.; Li, C.; Lin, Y.; Lipschultz, B.; Loarte, A.; Marmar, E.; Mazurenko, A.; McCracken, G.; McDermott, R.; Meneghini, O.; Mikkelsen, D.; Mossessian, D.; Mumgaard, R.; Myra, J.; Nelson-Melby, E.; Ochoukov, R.; Olynyk, G.; Parker, R.; Pitcher, S.; Podpaly, Y.; Porkolab, M.; Reinke, M.; Rice, J.; Rowan, W.; Schmidt, A.; Scott, S.; Shiraiwa, S.; Sierchio, J.; Smick, N.; Snipes, J. A.; Snyder, P.; Sorbom, B.; Stillerman, J.; Sung, C.; Takase, Y.; Tang, V.; Terry, J.; Terry, D.; Theiler, C.; Tronchin-James, A.; Tsujii, N.; Vieira, R.; Walk, J.; Wallace, G.; White, A.; Whyte, D.; Wilson, J.; Wolfe, S.; Wright, G.; Wright, J.; Wukitch, S.; Zweben, S.

doi:10.1063/1.4901920

Title: 20 years of research on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

Journal Article · Tue Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Physics of Plasmas

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901920· OSTI ID:1546775

Greenwald, M. ^[1]; Bader, A. ^[2]; Baek, S. ^[1]; Bakhtiari, M. ^[2]; Barnard, H. ^[1]; Beck, W. ^[1]; Bergerson, W. ^[3]; Bespamyatnov, I. ^[4]; Bonoli, P. ^[1]; Brower, D. ^[3]; Brunner, D. ^[1]; Burke, W. ^[1]; Candy, J. ^[5]; Churchill, M. ^[6]; Cziegler, I. ^[7]; Diallo, A. ^[6]; Dominguez, A. ^[6]; Duval, B. ^[8]; Edlund, E. ^[6]; Ennever, P. ^[1] more »

MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
UCLA, Institute of Plasma and Fusion Research, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Fusion Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186, USA
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
Center for Momentum Transport and Flow Organization, UCSD, San Diego, California 92093, USA
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
MPI for Plasma Physics, EURATOM Association, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
Energetiq Technology, 7 Constitution Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
ORNL, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
York University, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
ITER Organization, 13067 St. Paul-lez-Durance, France
Block Engineering, 377 Simarano Dr., Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, USA
UKAEA Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Abingdon, OX14 3DB Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
MPI für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM-Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany
AllianceBernstein, 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105, USA
Lodestar Research Corporation, 2400 Central Avenue P-5, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
Raytheon Co., 1151 E Hermans Rd., Tucson, Arizona 85756, USA
McKinsey & Co., 110 Charles Street West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1K9, Canada
National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
LLNL, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
GT Advanced Technologies, 243 Daniel Webster Highway, Merrimack, New Hampshire 03054, USA
University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-033, Japan
Facebook LLC, 1601 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94205, USA

The object of this review is to summarize the achievements of research on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak [Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994) and Marmar, Fusion Sci. Technol. 51, 261 (2007)] and to place that research in the context of the quest for practical fusion energy. C-Mod is a compact, high-field tokamak, whose unique design and operating parameters have produced a wealth of new and important results since it began operation in 1993, contributing data that extends tests of critical physical models into new parameter ranges and into new regimes. Using only high-power radio frequency (RF) waves for heating and current drive with innovative launching structures, C-Mod operates routinely at reactor level power densities and achieves plasma pressures higher than any other toroidal confinement device. C-Mod spearheaded the development of the vertical-target divertor and has always operated with high-Z metal plasma facing components—approaches subsequently adopted for ITER. C-Mod has made ground-breaking discoveries in divertor physics and plasma-material interactions at reactor-like power and particle fluxes and elucidated the critical role of cross-field transport in divertor operation, edge flows and the tokamak density limit. C-Mod developed the I-mode and the Enhanced Dα H-mode regimes, which have high performance without large edge localized modes and with pedestal transport self-regulated by short-wavelength electromagnetic waves. C-Mod has carried out pioneering studies of intrinsic rotation and demonstrated that self-generated flow shear can be strong enough in some cases to significantly modify transport. C-Mod made the first quantitative link between the pedestal temperature and the H-mode's performance, showing that the observed self-similar temperature profiles were consistent with critical-gradient-length theories and followed up with quantitative tests of nonlinear gyrokinetic models. RF research highlights include direct experimental observation of ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) mode-conversion, ICRF flow drive, demonstration of lower-hybrid current drive at ITER-like densities and fields and, using a set of novel diagnostics, extensive validation of advanced RF codes. Disruption studies on C-Mod provided the first observation of non-axisymmetric halo currents and non-axisymmetric radiation in mitigated disruptions. Lastly, a summary of important achievements and discoveries are included.

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Research Organization:: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)

Contributing Organization:: Alcator Collaborators; C-Mod Team

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-99ER54512; AC02-78ET-51013

OSTI ID:: 1546775

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1224325

Journal Information:: Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 21, Issue 11; ISSN 1070-664X

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 73 works

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The dynamics and structure of edge-localized-modes in Alcator C-Mod Terry, J. L.; Cziegler, I.; Hubbard, A. E. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 363-365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.01.266	journal	June 2007
Particle transport in tokamak plasmas, theory and experiment Angioni, C.; Fable, E.; Greenwald, M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124017	journal	November 2009
Disruption mitigation on Alcator C-Mod using high-pressure gas injection: Experiments and modeling toward ITER Whyte, D. G.; Granetz, R.; Bakhtiari, M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 363-365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.01.149	journal	June 2007
Mirror Langmuir probe: A technique for real-time measurement of magnetized plasma conditions using a single Langmuir electrode LaBombard, B.; Lyons, L. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2754392	journal	July 2007
Internal transport barriers in tokamak plasmas* Wolf, R. C. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/45/1/201	journal	November 2002
Studies of turbulence and transport in Alcator C-Mod ohmic plasmas with phase contrast imaging and comparisons with gyrokinetic simulations Lin, L.; Porkolab, M.; Edlund, E. M. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/51/6/065006	journal	April 2009
Operation of Alcator C-Mod with high-Z plasma facing components and implications Lipschultz, B.; Lin, Y.; Reinke, M. L. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2180767	journal	May 2006
Impurity toroidal rotation and transport in Alcator C-Mod ohmic high confinement mode plasmas Rice, J. E.; Goetz, J. A.; Granetz, R. S. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.874004	journal	May 2000
RF plasma edge interactions and their impact on ICRF antenna performance in Alcator C-Mod Wukitch, S. J.; Lipschultz, B.; Marmar, E. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 363-365 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.01.273	journal	June 2007
Iterated finite-orbit Monte Carlo simulations with full-wave fields for modeling tokamak ion cyclotron resonance frequency wave heating experiments Choi, M.; Green, D.; Heidbrink, W. W. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3314336	journal	May 2010
H mode confinement in Alcator C-Mod Greenwald, M.; Boivin, R. L.; Bombarda, F. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/37/6/I07	journal	June 1997
Numerical analysis of radio-frequency sheath-plasma interactions in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies Kohno, H.; Myra, J. R.; D’Ippolito, D. A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3677262	journal	January 2012
Full wave simulation of lower hybrid waves in Maxwellian plasma based on the finite element method Meneghini, O.; Shiraiwa, S.; Parker, R. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3216548	journal	September 2009
Implementation and application of two synthetic diagnostics for validating simulations of core tokamak turbulence Holland, C.; White, A. E.; McKee, G. R. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3085792	journal	May 2009
Upgrade of reflectometry profile and fluctuation measurements in Alcator C-Mod Lin, Y.; Irby, J.; Stek, P. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1149370	journal	January 1999
Using mixed gases for massive gas injection disruption mitigation on Alcator C-Mod Bakhtiari, M.; Olynyk, G.; Granetz, R. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 51, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/6/063007	journal	April 2011
11th IAEA Technical Meeting on H-mode Physics and Transport Barriers Takizuka, Tomonori Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/123/1/011001	journal	July 2008
Atomic processes in thermonuclear fusion plasmas Janev, R. K. Review of Fundamental Processes and Applications of Atoms and Ions https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814354288_0001	book	October 1993
Review of recent experimental and modeling progress in the lower hybrid range of frequencies at ITER relevant parameters Bonoli, Paul T. RADIOFREQUENCY POWER IN PLASMAS: Proceedings of the 20th Topical Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4864497	conference	January 2014
Design of a New Optical System for Alcator C-Mod Motional Stark Effect Diagnostic Ko, Jinseok; Scott, Steve; Manfred, Bitter https://doi.org/10.2172/969303	report	November 2009
Validation in Fusion Research: Towards Guidelines and Best Practices Terry, P. W.; Greenwald, M.; Leboeuf, J. -N. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0801.2787	text	January 2008
Stability and toroidal rotation properties of highly shaped plasmas in the TCV tokamak Andrea, Scarabosio, Lausanne, EPFL https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-3609	text	January 2006

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VITALS: A Surrogate-Based Optimization Framework for the Accelerated Validation of Plasma Transport Codes Rodriguez-Fernandez, P.; White, A. E.; Creely, A. J. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 74, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1396166	journal	February 2018
Investigation of the critical edge ion heat flux for L-H transitions in Alcator C-Mod and its dependence on B _T Schmidtmayr, M.; Hughes, J. W.; Ryter, F. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aaaed0	journal	March 2018
Edge transport and mode structure of a QCM-like fluctuation driven by the Shoelace antenna Golfinopoulos, T.; LaBombard, B.; Brunner, D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aab2c8	journal	March 2018
Validation study of GENE on ASDEX Upgrade using perturbative thermal diffusivity measured with partial sawtooth heat pulses Creely, A. J.; Görler, T.; Conway, G. D. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aadca1	journal	September 2018
Progress towards modeling tokamak boundary plasma turbulence and understanding its role in setting divertor heat flux widths Chen, B.; Xu, X. Q.; Xia, T. Y. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016582	journal	May 2018
Intermittent fluctuations in the Alcator C-Mod scrape-off layer for ohmic and high confinement mode plasmas Garcia, O. E.; Kube, R.; Theodorsen, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5018709	journal	May 2018
Outlier classification using autoencoders: Application for fluctuation driven flows in fusion plasmas Kube, R.; Bianchi, F. M.; Brunner, D. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5049519	journal	January 2019
Access to pedestal pressure relevant to burning plasmas on the high magnetic field tokamak Alcator C-Mod Hughes, J. W.; Snyder, P. B.; Reinke, M. L. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aabc8a	journal	September 2018
Summary of the 8th Asia-Pacific Transport Working Group (APTWG) Meeting Shi, Z. B.; Cheng, J.; Xu, Y. H. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aaf74c	journal	January 2019
Hysteresis as a probe of turbulent bifurcation in intrinsic rotation reversals on Alcator C-Mod Cao, N. M.; Rice, J. E.; Diamond, P. H. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab3b38	journal	August 2019
Verification of GENE and GYRO with L-mode and I-mode plasmas in Alcator C-Mod Mikkelsen, D. R.; Howard, N. T.; White, A. E. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5018741	journal	April 2018
Radiative heat exhaust in Alcator C-Mod I-mode plasmas Reinke, M. L.; Brunner, D.; Golfinopoulos, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab04cf	journal	March 2019
The dependence of divertor power sharing on magnetic flux balance in near double-null configurations on Alcator C-Mod Brunner, D.; Kuang, A. Q.; LaBombard, B. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aac006	journal	May 2018
Particle balance in a steady state plasma in a dipole magnetic field Baitha, Anuj Ram; Nanda, Ayesha; Hunjan, Sargam Plasma Research Express, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1067/ab55c7	journal	November 2019
Observation of Efficient Lower Hybrid Current Drive at High Density in Diverted Plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak Baek, S. G.; Wallace, G. M.; Bonoli, P. T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.055001	journal	August 2018
Universality of Poisson-driven plasma fluctuations in the Alcator C-Mod scrape-off layer Theodorsen, A.; Garcia, O. E.; Kube, R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.05052	preprint	January 2018

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