Distinguishing Mergers and Disks in High-redshift Observations of Galaxy Kinematics

Simons, Raymond C.; Kassin, Susan A.; Snyder, Gregory F.; Primack, Joel R.; Ceverino, Daniel; Dekel, Avishai; Hayward, Christopher C.; Mandelker, Nir; Mantha, Kameswara Bharadwaj; Pacifici, Camilla; Vega, Alexander de la; Wang, Weichen

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab07c9

Title: Distinguishing Mergers and Disks in High-redshift Observations of Galaxy Kinematics

Journal Article · Fri Mar 22 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab07c9· OSTI ID:1530378

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^[7]; Mantha, Kameswara Bharadwaj ^[8];

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Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States); Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States). Physics Dept.; Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States). Santa Cruz Inst. for Particle Physics
Univ. Heidelberg (Germany). Zentrum fur Astronomie, Inst. fur Theoretische Astrophysik; Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). Cosmic Dawm Center (DAWN)
Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem (Israel). Racah Inst. of Physics, Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science
Flatiron Inst., New York, NY (United States). Center for Computational Astrophysics
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States). Dept. of Astronomy; Heidelberg Inst. for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg (Germany)
Univ. of Missouri, Kansas City, MO (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)

The majority of massive star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2 have velocity gradients suggestive of rotation, in addition to large amounts of disordered motions. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is challenging to distinguish the regular rotation of a disk galaxy from the orbital motions of merging galaxies with seeing-limited data. However, the merger fractions at z ~ 2 are likely too low for this to have a large effect on measurements of disk fractions. To determine how often mergers pass for disks, we look to galaxy formation simulations. We analyze ~24,000 synthetic images and kinematic maps of 31 high-resolution simulations of isolated galaxies and mergers at z ~ 2. Here, we determine if the synthetic observations pass the criteria commonly used to identify disk galaxies and whether the results are consistent with their intrinsic dynamical states. Galaxies that are intrinsically mergers pass the disk criteria for anywhere from 0% to 100% of sightlines. The exact percentage depends strongly on the specific disk criteria adopted and weakly on the separation of the merging galaxies. Therefore, one cannot tell with certainty whether observations of an individual galaxy indicate a merger or a disk. To estimate the fraction of mergers passing as disks in current kinematics samples, we combine the probability that a merger will pass as a disk with theoretical merger fractions from a cosmological simulation. Taking the latter at face value, the observed disk fractions are overestimated by small amounts: at most by 5% at high stellar mass (10^10–11 M_⊙) and 15% at low stellar mass (10^9–10 M_⊙).

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NAS 5-26555; HST-AR-15040; 2014-273

OSTI ID:: 1530378

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 874, Issue 1; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 34 works

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THE KMOS ^3D SURVEY: DESIGN, FIRST RESULTS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY KINEMATICS FROM 0.7 ⩽ z ⩽ 2.7 Wisnioski, E.; Förster Schreiber, N. M.; Wuyts, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 799, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/209	journal	January 2015
Integral Field Spectroscopy of a Candidate Disk Galaxy at z ∼ 1.5 Using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Wright, S. A.; Larkin, J. E.; Barczys, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 658, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/511632	journal	March 2007
IMAGES. I. Strong evolution of galaxy kinematics since z = 1 Yang, Y.; Flores, H.; Hammer, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 477, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078219	journal	November 2007
Compaction and quenching of high-z galaxies in cosmological simulations: blue and red nuggets Zolotov, Adi; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv740	journal	May 2015
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Forming disc galaxies in ΛCDM simulations Governato, Fabio; Willman, Beth; Mayer, L. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000413812	text	January 2007
Introducing the Illustris project: The evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time Gene, S.; Vogelsberger, M.; Springel, V. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.31901	text	January 2018
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IMAGES I. Strong evolution of galaxy kinematics since z=1 Yang, Y.; Flores, H.; Hammer, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0711.2305	text	January 2007
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IMAGES-III: The evolution of the Near-Infrared Tully-Fisher relation over the last 6 Gyr Puech, M.; Flores, H.; Hammer, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0803.3002	text	January 2008
The Formation and Survival of Discs in a Lambda-CDM Universe Scannapieco, Cecilia; White, Simon D. M.; Springel, Volker arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0812.0976	text	January 2008
Resolved Spectroscopy of Gravitationally-Lensed Galaxies: Recovering Coherent Velocity Fields in Sub-Luminous z~2-3 Galaxies Jones, Tucker; Swinbank, Mark; Ellis, Richard arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0910.4488	text	January 2009
Dynamical properties of AMAZE and LSD galaxies from gas kinematics and the Tully-Fisher relation at z~3 Gnerucci, A.; Marconi, A.; Cresci, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1007.4180	text	January 2010
A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data Turk, Matthew J.; Smith, Britton D.; Oishi, Jeffrey S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1011.3514	text	January 2010
Studying the kinematic asymmetries of disks and post-coalescence mergers using a new `kinemetry' criterion Bellocchi, E.; Arribas, S.; Colina, L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1203.1930	text	January 2012
High Velocity Dispersion in A Rare Grand Design Spiral Galaxy at Redshift z=2.18 Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1207.4196	text	January 2012
The Epoch of Disk Settling: z~1 to Now Kassin, Susan A.; Weiner, Benjamin J.; Faber, S. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1207.7072	text	January 2012
The SINS/zC-SINF Survey of z~2 Galaxy Kinematics: The Nature of Dispersion Dominated Galaxies Newman, Sarah F.; Genzel, Reinhard; Schreiber, Natascha M. Forster arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1211.6160	text	January 2012
Radiative feedback and the low efficiency of galaxy formation in low-mass haloes at high redshift Ceverino, Daniel; Klypin, Anatoly; Klimek, Elizabeth arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1307.0943	text	January 2013
Star Formation and Clumps in Cosmological Galaxy Simulations with Radiation Pressure Feedback Moody, Christopher E.; Guo, Yicheng; Mandelker, Nir arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1405.5266	text	January 2014
Early formation of massive, compact, spheroidal galaxies with classical profiles by violent disc instability or mergers Ceverino, Daniel; Dekel, Avishai; Tweed, Dylan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.2622	text	January 2014
Compaction and Quenching of High-z Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations: Blue and Red Nuggets Zolotov, Adi; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1412.4783	text	January 2014
Evolution of Density Profiles in High-z Galaxies: Compaction and Quenching Inside-Out Tacchella, Sandro; Dekel, Avishai; Carollo, C. Marcella arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1509.00017	text	January 2015
The MOSDEF Survey: Dynamical and Baryonic Masses and Kinematic Structures of Star-Forming Galaxies at $1.4 \leq z \leq 2.6$ Price, Sedona H.; Kriek, Mariska; Shapley, Alice E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.03272	text	January 2015
Merger Signatures in the Dynamics of Star-forming Gas Hung, Chao-Ling; Hayward, Christopher C.; Smith, Howard A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.08481	text	January 2015
Evolution of Galaxy Shapes from Prolate to Oblate through Compaction Events Tomassetti, Matteo; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.06268	text	January 2015
Giant Clumps in Simulated High-z Galaxies: Properties, Evolution and Dependence on Feedback Mandelker, Nir; Dekel, Avishai; Ceverino, Daniel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.08791	text	January 2015
The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): Dynamical properties, gas and dark matter fractions of typical z~1 star-forming galaxies Stott, John P.; Swinbank, A. M.; Johnson, Helen L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1601.03400	text	January 2016
Distinguishing `disks' from `mergers': tracing the kinematic asymmetries in local (U)LIRGs using `kinemetry'-based criteria Bellocchi, Enrica; Arribas, Santiago; Colina, Luis arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1603.03441	text	January 2016
IROCKS: Spatially resolved kinematics of z~1 star forming galaxies Mieda, Etsuko; Wright, Shelley A.; Larkin, James E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1608.01676	text	January 2016
Massive Close Pairs Measure Rapid Galaxy Assembly in Mergers at High Redshift Snyder, Gregory F.; Lotz, Jennifer M.; Rodriguez-Gomez, Vicente arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1610.01156	text	January 2016
The evolution of the Tully-Fisher relation between z~2.3 and z~0.9 with KMOS^3D Übler, H.; Schreiber, N. M. Förster; Genzel, R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.04321	text	January 2017
z~2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly Simons, Raymond C.; Kassin, Susan A.; Weiner, Benjamin J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1705.03474	text	January 2017
Deep Learning Identifies High-z Galaxies in a Central Blue Nugget Phase in a Characteristic Mass Range Huertas-Company, M.; Primack, J. R.; Dekel, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.07307	text	January 2018
Evidence of a Flat Outer Rotation Curve in a Starbursting Disk Galaxy at $z=1.6$ Drew, Patrick M.; Casey, Caitlin M.; Burnham, Anne D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.01958	text	January 2018
On the variation of the Initial Mass Function Kroupa, Pavel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0009005	text	January 2000
SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy of z~2 UV-selected Galaxies: Rotation Curves and Dynamical Evolution Schreiber, N. M. Forster; Genzel, R.; Lehnert, M. D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0603559	text	January 2006
The Stellar, Gas and Dynamical Masses of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2 Erb, Dawn K.; Steidel, Charles C.; Shapley, Alice E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0604041	text	January 2006
The rapid formation a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang Genzel, R.; Tacconi, L.; Eisenhauer, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0608344	text	January 2006
A Survey of Galaxy Kinematics to z ~ 1 in the TKRS/GOODS-N Field. I. Rotation and Dispersion Properties Weiner, Benjamin J.; Willmer, Christopher N. A.; Faber, S. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0609090	text	January 2006
Integral Field Spectroscopy of a Candidate Disk Galaxy at z~1.5 using Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Wright, S. A.; Larkin, J. E.; Barczys, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0612199	text	January 2006
Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation Leitherer, Claus; Schaerer, Daniel; Goldader, Jeffrey D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9902334	text	January 1999

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The KLEVER Survey: Spatially resolved metallicity maps and gradients in a sample of 1.2 < z < 2.5 lensed galaxies Curti, Mirko; Maiolino, Roberto; Cirasuolo, M. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.52523	text	January 2020
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