The spin structure of the nucleon

Deur, Alexandre; Brodsky, Stanley J.; de Téramond, Guy F.

doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ab0b8f

Title: The spin structure of the nucleon

Journal Article · Tue Jun 11 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Reports on Progress in Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab0b8f· OSTI ID:1530179

^[1]; Brodsky, Stanley J. ^[2]; de Téramond, Guy F. ^[3]

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Univ. of Costa Rica, San Jose (Costa Rica)

We review the present understanding of the spin structure of protons and neutrons, the fundamental building blocks of nuclei collectively known as nucleons. The field of nucleon spin provides a critical window for testing Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of the strong interactions since it involves fundamental aspects of hadron structure, and it can be probed in detail in experiments, particularly deep inelastic lepton scattering on polarized targets. QCD was initially probed in high energy deep inelastic lepton scattering with unpolarized beams and targets. With time, interest shifted from testing perturbative QCD to illuminating the nucleon structure itself. In fact, the spin degrees of freedom of hadrons provides an essential and detailed verification of both perturbative and nonperturbative QCD dynamics. Nucleon spin was initially thought of coming mostly from the spin of its quark constituents, based on intuition from the parton model. However, the first experiments showed that this expectation was incorrect. It is now clear that nucleon physics is much more complex, involving quark orbital angular momenta as well as gluonic and sea quark contributions. Thus, the nucleon spin structure remains a most active aspect of QCD research, involving important advances such as the developments of generalized parton distributions (GPD) and transverse momentum distributions (TMD). Elastic and inelastic lepton-proton scattering, as well as photoabsorption experiments provide various ways to investigate non-perturbative QCD. Fundamental sum rules --such as the Bjorken sum rule for polarized photoabsorption on polarized nucleons-- are also in the non-perturbative domain. This realization triggered a vigorous program to link the low energy effective hadronic description of the strong interactions to fundamental quarks and gluon degrees of freedom of QCD. This has also led to the development of holographic QCD ideas based on the AdS/CFT or gauge/gravity correspondence, a novel approach providing a well-founded semiclassical approximation to QCD. Any QCD-based model of the nucleon's spin and dynamics must also successfully account for the observed spectroscopy of hadrons. Analytic calculations of the hadron spectrum, a long sought goal of QCD research, has now being realized using light-front holography and superconformal quantum mechanics, a formalism consistent with the results from nucleon spin studies. We begin this review with a phenomenological description of nucleon structure in general and of its spin structure in particular, aimed to engage non-specialist readers. A fundamental tool is Dirac's front form and light-front quantization which provides a frame-independent, relativistic description of hadron structure and dynamics, the derivation of spin-sum rules, and a direct connection to the QCD Lagrangian. Next, we discuss the nucleon spin structure at high energy, including topics such as GPDs and TMDs, as well as nucleon spin observables sensitive to final-state interactions such as the Sivers effect. We then discuss experimental and theoretical advances in the nonperturbative domain --in particular the development of light-front holographic QCD and superconformal quantum mechanics, its predictions for the spin content of nucleons, the computation of PDFs and of hadron masses.

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Research Organization:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177; AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1530179

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1532411

Report Number(s):: JLAB-PHY-18-2760; DOE/OR/23177-4611; arXiv:1807.05250

Journal Information:: Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 82, Issue 7; ISSN 0034-4885

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 60 works

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Measurement of the x- and <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msup><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math>-dependence of the asymmetry <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> on the nucleon Dharmawardane, K. V.; Kuhn, S. E.; Bosted, P. Physics Letters B, Vol. 641, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.08.011	journal	September 2006
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Spin asymmetry <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math> and the spin-dependent structure function <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:msubsup></mml:math> of the deuteron at low values of x and <mml:math altimg="si3.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msup><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> Alexakhin, V. Yu.; Alexandrov, Yu.; Alexeev, G. D. Physics Letters B, Vol. 647, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.02.034	journal	April 2007
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Nucleon helicity and transversity parton distributions from lattice QCD Chen, Jiunn-Wei; Cohen, Saul D.; Ji, Xiangdong Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.37220	text	January 2016
Qcd Analysis of Polarized deep Inelastic Scattering data BlÜMlein, J.; BÖTtcher, H. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop, Deep Inelastic Scattering https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812778345_0085	conference	January 2012
The Spin Structure of the Nucleon Mallot, Gerhard K. Proceedings of the XIX International Symposium, Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812793942_0028	conference	November 2011
The Three-Loop Splitting Functions in QCD: The Helicity-Dependent Case Moch, Sven-Olaf; Vermaseren, J. A. M.; Vogt, A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2014-04055	text	January 2014
Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering Airapetian, A.; Akopov, N.; Akopov, Z. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2017-06801	text	January 2005
Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon Leader, Elliot; Sidorov, Aleksander V.; Stamenov, Dimiter B. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop, Deep Inelastic Scattering https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812778345_0087	conference	January 2012
Wilson loops to 20th order numerical stochastic perturbation theory Horsley, R.; Hotzel, G.; Ilgenfritz, E. M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/phppubdb-22511	text	January 2012
Electroweak structure of the nucleon, meson cloud and light-cone wavefunctions Pasquini, B.; Boffi, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0707.2897	text	January 2007
Transverse target spin asymmetry in inclusive DIS with two-photon exchange Afanasev, A.; Strikman, M.; Weiss, C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0709.0901	text	January 2007
Interplay of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in the Proton Thomas, A. W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0803.2775	text	January 2008
Do gluons carry half of the nucleon momentum? Chen, Xiang-Song; Sun, Wei-Min; Lü, Xiao-Fu arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0904.0321	text	January 2009
Search for a Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering Collaboration, The HERMES; Airapetian, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0907.5369	text	January 2009
A Possible Resolution of the Strange Quark Polarization Puzzle ? Leader, Elliot; Sidorov, Alexander V.; Stamenov, Dimiter B. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1103.5979	text	January 2011
Confinement contains condensates Brodsky, Stanley J.; Roberts, Craig D.; Shrock, Robert arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1202.2376	text	January 2012
Parity-Violating Electron Scattering and the Electric and Magnetic Strange Form Factors of the Nucleon Armstrong, D. S.; McKeown, R. D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1207.5238	text	January 2012
Physics of Gluon Helicity Contribution to Proton Spin Ji, Xiangdong; Zhang, Jian-Hui; Zhao, Yong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1304.6708	text	January 2013
Light-front quark model consistent with Drell-Yan-West duality and quark counting rules Gutsche, Thomas; Lyubovitskij, Valery E.; Schmidt, Ivan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1306.0366	text	January 2013
Single Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadrons Produced in Electron Scattering from a Transversely Polarized $^3$He Target Allada, K.; Zhao, Y. X.; Aniol, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1311.1866	text	January 2013
On the Interface between Perturbative and Nonperturbative QCD Deur, A.; Brodsky, S. J.; de Teramond, G. F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1601.06568	text	January 2016
Quark Orbital Angular Momentum in the MIT Bag Model Courtoy, A.; Miramontes, A. S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.03375	text	January 2016
Comparison of two Minkowski-space approaches to heavy quarkonia Leitão, Sofia; Li, Yang; Maris, Pieter arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1705.06178	text	January 2017
Measurement of Inclusive Spin Structure Functions of the Deuteron Yun, J.; Kuhn, S. E.; Dodge, G. E. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ex/0212044	text	January 2002
Final-State Interactions and Single-Spin Asymmetries in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering Brodsky, Stanley J.; Hwang, Dae Sung; Schmidt, Ivan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0201296	text	January 2002
Generalized form factors, generalized parton distributions and the spin contents of the nucleon Wakamatsu, M.; Nakakoji, Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0605279	text	January 2006
Strange nucleon form factors: Solitonic approach to $G_{M}^{s}$, $G_{E}^{s}$, $\tilde{G}_{A}^{p}$ and $\tilde{G}_{A}^{n}$ and comparison with world data Goeke, Klaus; Kim, Hyun-Chul; Silva, Antonio arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0608262	text	January 2006
The Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rule: The Estimates of the Next-to-Next-to- Leading-Order QCD Corrections Kataev, A. L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9408248	text	January 1994
Dispersion-Theoretical Analysis of the Nucleon Electromagnetic Formfactors Mergell, P.; Meißner, Ulf-G.; Drechsel, D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9506375	text	January 1995
Target Mass Corrections for Polarized Structure Functions and New Sum Rules Blümlein, J.; Tkabladze, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9812478	text	January 1998
Hadronic Spectrum of a Holographic Dual of QCD de Teramond, Guy F.; Brodsky, Stanley J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0501022	text	January 2005
The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule and the Spin Structure of the Nucleon Drechsel, Dieter; Tiator, Lothar arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0406059	text	January 2004
On the sensitivity of the polarized parton densities to flavour SU(3) symmetry breaking Leader, Elliot; Sidorov, Aleksander V.; Stamenov, Dimiter B. Physics Letters B, Vol. 488, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00895-9	journal	September 2000
DETERMINATION OF THE LOW Q² EVOLUTION OF THE BJORKEN INTEGRAL Deur, A. GDH 2004 https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812702111_0030	conference	February 2005
The nucleon axial charge from lattice QCD with controlled errors Capitani, S.; Della Morte, M.; von Hippel, G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1205.0180	text	January 2012
Superconformal Algebraic Approach to Hadron Structure de Teramond, Guy F.; Brodsky, Stanley J.; Deur, Alexandre arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.03763	text	January 2016
Investigation of the Second Moment of the Nucleon's g1 and g2 Structure Functions in Two-Flavor Lattice QCD Göckeler, M.; Horsley, R.; Pleiter, D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-lat/0506017	text	January 2005
QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Data and Parton Distributions Blümlein, J.; Böttcher, H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0203155	text	January 2002
QCD radiative and power corrections and Generalized GDH sum rules Soffer, Jacques; Teryaev, Oleg arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0410228	text	January 2004
Experimental determination of the effective strong coupling constant Deur, A.; Burkert, V.; Chen, J. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0509113	text	January 2005
Nucleon Structure Functions within a Chiral Soliton Model Gamberg, L.; Reinhardt, H.; Weigel, H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9708266	text	January 1997
Instantons and Polarized Structure Functions Kochelev, N. I. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9711226	text	January 1997
Theoretical Analysis of Polarized Structure Functions Altarelli, G.; Ball, R. D.; Forte, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/9803237	text	January 1998

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Complete flavor decomposition of the spin and momentum fraction of the proton using lattice QCD simulations at physical pion mass Alexandrou, C.; Bacchio, S.; Constantinou, M. Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.101.094513	journal	May 2020
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Azimuthal asymmetries of back-to-back π ± − ( π 0 , η , π ± ) pairs in e + e − annihilation Li, H.; Vossen, A.; Aihara, H. Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.100.092008	journal	November 2019
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Quantum trajectories in spin-exchange collisions reveal the nature of spin-noise correlations in multi-species alkali vapors Mouloudakis, K.; Loulakis, M.; Kominis, I. K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.05194	text	January 2019
Angular momentum of the electron: One-loop studies Damski, Bogdan Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 955 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.115042	journal	June 2020
Novel twist-three transverse-spin sum rule for the proton and related generalized parton distributions Guo, Yuxun; Ji, Xiangdong; Shiells, Kyle Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2021.115440	journal	August 2021
Electromagnetic angular momentum of the electron: One-loop studies Damski, Bogdan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.06061	text	January 2019
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