skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives

Abstract

Abstract Despite the exciting progress on power conversion efficiencies, the commercialization of the emerging lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cell technology still faces significant challenges, one of which is the inclusion of toxic Pb. Searching for Pb‐free perovskite solar cell absorbers is currently an attractive research direction. The approaches used for and the consequences of Pb replacement are reviewed herein. Reviews on the theoretical understanding of the electronic, optical, and defect properties of Pb and Pb‐free halide perovskites and perovskite derivatives are provided, as well as the experimental results available in the literature. The theoretical understanding explains well why Pb halide perovskites exhibit superior photovoltaic properties, but Pb‐free perovskites and perovskite derivatives do not.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [2]
  1. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaic Innovation and Commercialization The University of Toledo Toledo OH 43607 USA
Publication Date:
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1492092
Grant/Contract Number:  
DE‐EE0006712
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Advanced Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Advanced Materials Journal Volume: 31 Journal Issue: 47; Journal ID: ISSN 0935-9648
Publisher:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English

Citation Formats

Xiao, Zewen, Song, Zhaoning, and Yan, Yanfa. From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives. Germany: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.1002/adma.201803792.
Xiao, Zewen, Song, Zhaoning, & Yan, Yanfa. From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803792
Xiao, Zewen, Song, Zhaoning, and Yan, Yanfa. 2019. "From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives". Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803792.
@article{osti_1492092,
title = {From Lead Halide Perovskites to Lead‐Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Derivatives},
author = {Xiao, Zewen and Song, Zhaoning and Yan, Yanfa},
abstractNote = {Abstract Despite the exciting progress on power conversion efficiencies, the commercialization of the emerging lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cell technology still faces significant challenges, one of which is the inclusion of toxic Pb. Searching for Pb‐free perovskite solar cell absorbers is currently an attractive research direction. The approaches used for and the consequences of Pb replacement are reviewed herein. Reviews on the theoretical understanding of the electronic, optical, and defect properties of Pb and Pb‐free halide perovskites and perovskite derivatives are provided, as well as the experimental results available in the literature. The theoretical understanding explains well why Pb halide perovskites exhibit superior photovoltaic properties, but Pb‐free perovskites and perovskite derivatives do not.},
doi = {10.1002/adma.201803792},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1492092}, journal = {Advanced Materials},
issn = {0935-9648},
number = 47,
volume = 31,
place = {Germany},
year = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record at https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803792

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 458 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Charge Carriers in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites Might Be Protected as Large Polarons
journal, November 2015


Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites via Heterovalent Substitution of Noble Metals
journal, March 2016


(C 6 H 5 CH 2 NH 3 ) 2 CuBr 4 : A Lead-Free, Highly Stable Two-Dimensional Perovskite for Solar Cell Applications
journal, May 2018


Topological insulator phase in halide perovskite structures
journal, September 2012


Synthesis and Properties of a Lead-Free Hybrid Double Perovskite: (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 AgBiBr 6
journal, January 2017


Phase Stability and Electronic Structure of Prospective Sb-Based Mixed Sulfide and Iodide 3D Perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 )SbSI 2
journal, June 2018


Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells
journal, May 2009


Relativistic GW calculations on CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications
journal, March 2014


CH 3 NH 3 CaI 3 Perovskite: Synthesis, Characterization, and First-Principles Studies
journal, July 2016


Solution processing of air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts, Cs 2 SnI 6−x Br x , for potential solar cell applications
journal, January 2017


Organic–Inorganic Perovskites: Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design
journal, March 2016


High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange
journal, May 2015


Identification of Trap States in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, June 2015


Thin-Film Deposition and Characterization of a Sn-Deficient Perovskite Derivative Cs 2 SnI 6
journal, March 2016


Cs 2 InAgCl 6 : A New Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskite with Direct Band Gap
journal, January 2017


Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal M 3 Bi 2 I 9 (M = Cs, Rb) Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, April 2018


Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of perovskite PV cells projected from lab to fab
journal, November 2016


A technoeconomic analysis of perovskite solar module manufacturing with low-cost materials and techniques
journal, January 2017


Strong Covalency-Induced Recombination Centers in Perovskite Solar Cell Material CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3
journal, October 2014


Lead halide perovskites: Crystal-liquid duality, phonon glass electron crystals, and large polaron formation
journal, October 2017


Enhanced Performance of Germanium Halide Perovskite Solar Cells through Compositional Engineering
journal, February 2018


Lead-free, air-stable ultrathin Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite nanosheets for solar cells
journal, September 2018


Mechanism of Tin Oxidation and Stabilization by Lead Substitution in Tin Halide Perovskites
journal, August 2017


Effect of Electron Transporting Layer on Bismuth-Based Lead-Free Perovskite (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, June 2016


Solution-Processed Cesium Hexabromopalladate(IV), Cs 2 PdBr 6 , for Optoelectronic Applications
journal, April 2017


Solvent-Engineering Method to Deposit Compact Bismuth-Based Thin Films: Mechanism and Application to Photovoltaics
journal, January 2018


Lead-free Perovskite Materials (NH 4 ) 3 Sb 2 I x Br 9− x
journal, April 2017


Halide perovskite materials for solar cells: a theoretical review
journal, January 2015


Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2014


Zero-dimensional (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 perovskite for optoelectronic applications
journal, December 2016


Lead-free mesoscopic Cs 2 SnI 6 perovskite solar cells using different nanostructured ZnO nanorods as electron transport layers
journal, June 2016


Chlorine-Incorporation-Induced Formation of the Layered Phase for Antimony-Based Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2018


Large polarons in lead halide perovskites
journal, August 2017


The Dawn of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: Highly Stable Double Perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Film
journal, December 2017


Rational Design of Halide Double Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications
journal, September 2018


Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells
journal, July 2013


Small Photocarrier Effective Masses Featuring Ambipolar Transport in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite: A Density Functional Analysis
journal, November 2013


First-principles study of electronic and optical properties of lead-free double perovskites Cs 2 Na BX 6 ( B = Sb, Bi; X = Cl, Br, I)
journal, June 2018


Fabrication of Lead-Free (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 Perovskite Photovoltaics in Ethanol Solvent
journal, September 2017


Comparative study on the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH3NH3PbBr3 CH3NH3PbI3
journal, September 2003


Elucidating the charge carrier separation and working mechanism of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2014


Intrinsic Instability of Cs 2 In(I)M(III)X 6 (M = Bi, Sb; X = Halogen) Double Perovskites: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study
journal, April 2017


Photovoltaic Properties of Two-Dimensional (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 Pb(SCN) 2 I 2 Perovskite: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study
journal, March 2016


Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2012


Highly Oriented Low-Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskites with Enhanced Stability and Photovoltaic Performance
journal, May 2017


Solar cell efficiency tables (version 52)
journal, June 2018

  • Green, Martin A.; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro; Dunlop, Ewan D.
  • Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 7
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3040

Deep recombination centers in C u 2 ZnSnS e 4 revealed by screened-exchange hybrid density functional theory
journal, November 2015


Defect Tolerance to Intolerance in the Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Semiconductors Cs 2 SnI 6 and Cs 2 TeI 6
journal, June 2016


Environmental analysis of perovskites and other relevant solar cell technologies in a tandem configuration
journal, January 2017


A manufacturing cost estimation method with uncertainty analysis and its application to perovskite on glass photovoltaic modules: A manufacturing cost estimation method
journal, February 2017

  • Chang, Nathan L.; Yi Ho-Baillie, Anita Wing; Basore, Paul A.
  • Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 5
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2871

Fundamental Carrier Lifetime Exceeding 1 µs in Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite
journal, May 2018


The identification and characterization of defect states in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics
journal, January 2015


Optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of the air-stable organohalide semiconductor (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9
journal, January 2016


Designing indirect–direct bandgap transitions in double perovskites
journal, January 2017


Cs2AgBiBr6 single-crystal X-ray detectors with a low detection limit
journal, October 2017


Phase transitions in elpasolites (ordered perovskites)
journal, November 1998


Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF 2 –Pyrazine Complex
journal, March 2016


Long Electron-Hole Diffusion Length in High-Quality Lead-Free Double Perovskite Films
journal, March 2018


Influence of Defects and Synthesis Conditions on the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Semiconductor CsSnI 3
journal, October 2014


Ligand-Hole in [SnI 6 ] Unit and Origin of Band Gap in Photovoltaic Perovskite Variant Cs 2 SnI 6
journal, September 2015


Bismuth Based Hybrid Perovskites A 3 Bi 2 I 9 (A: Methylammonium or Cesium) for Solar Cell Application
journal, September 2015


Synthesis and Characterization of the Rare-Earth Hybrid Double Perovskites: (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 KGdCl 6 and (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 KYCl 6
journal, September 2017


Hybrid Germanium Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors: Active Lone Pairs, Structural Distortions, Direct and Indirect Energy Gaps, and Strong Nonlinear Optical Properties
journal, May 2015


Colloidally prepared La-doped BaSnO 3 electrodes for efficient, photostable perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2017


How SnF 2 Impacts the Material Properties of Lead-Free Tin Perovskites
journal, December 2017


High-Pressure Band-Gap Engineering in Lead-Free Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite
journal, November 2017


High Defect Tolerance in Lead Halide Perovskite CsPbBr 3
journal, January 2017


Design of Lead-Free Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Solar Cells via Cation-Transmutation
journal, February 2017


Bismuth Iodide Perovskite Materials for Solar Cell Applications: Electronic Structure, Optical Transitions, and Directional Charge Transport
journal, December 2016


Route to Stable Lead-Free Double Perovskites with the Electronic Structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 : A Case for Mixed-Cation [Cs/CH 3 NH 3 /CH(NH 2 ) 2 ] 2 InBiBr 6
journal, August 2017


High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2016


First-principles insight into the photoelectronic properties of Ge-based perovskites
journal, January 2016


Cupric bromide hybrid perovskite heterojunction solar cells
journal, November 2015


Role of Dielectric Drag in Polaron Mobility in Lead Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2017


Optoelectronic Properties of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, June 2016


Understanding of the formation of shallow level defects from the intrinsic defects of lead tri-halide perovskites
journal, January 2016


Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%
journal, August 2012


Thin-Film Preparation and Characterization of Cs 3 Sb 2 I 9 : A Lead-Free Layered Perovskite Semiconductor
journal, August 2015


Photovoltaic Performance of Vapor-Assisted Solution-Processed Layer Polymorph of Cs 3 Sb 2 I 9
journal, January 2018


Band Gaps of the Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites Cs 2 BiAgCl 6 and Cs 2 BiAgBr 6 from Theory and Experiment
journal, June 2016


Structural Variety of Defect Perovskite Variants M 3 E 2 X 9 ( M = Rb, Tl, E = Bi, Sb, X = Br, I) : Structural Variety of Defect Perovskite
journal, June 2016


Unusual defect physics in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cell absorber
journal, February 2014


Phase stability and transformations in the halide perovskite CsSnI 3
journal, April 2015


Direct-Indirect Nature of the Bandgap in Lead-Free Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, June 2017


Searching for promising new perovskite-based photovoltaic absorbers: the importance of electronic dimensionality
journal, January 2017


Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency
journal, January 2016


Mixed-Organic-Cation Tin Iodide for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 8.12%
journal, July 2017


Optical and Electrical Properties of Perovskite Variant (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 SnI 6
journal, April 2018


Cs 2 AgBiX 6 (X = Br, Cl): New Visible Light Absorbing, Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Semiconductors
journal, February 2016


Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance
journal, September 2016


Band Gap Insensitivity to Large Chemical Pressures in Ternary Bismuth Iodides for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, December 2016


Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells
journal, May 2014


Air-Stable Molecular Semiconducting Iodosalts for Solar Cell Applications: Cs2SnI6 as a Hole Conductor
journal, October 2014

  • Lee, Byunghong; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Zhou, Nanjia
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 43, p. 15379-15385
  • https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508464w

Highly Reproducible Sn-Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency
journal, September 2017


Perovskite photovoltaics: life-cycle assessment of energy and environmental impacts
journal, January 2015


Thermodynamic Stability and Defect Chemistry of Bismuth-Based Lead-Free Double Perovskites
journal, August 2016


Tunable optical properties and stability of lead free all inorganic perovskites (Cs 2 SnI x Cl 6−x )
journal, January 2018


Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling and Self-Trapped Excitons in the Defect Halide Perovskites A 3 M 2 I 9 (A = Cs, Rb; M = Bi, Sb)
journal, April 2017


A Direct Bandgap Copper–Antimony Halide Perovskite
journal, June 2017


Unipolar self-doping behavior in perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3
journal, March 2015


High-Quality (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 Film-Based Solar Cells: Pushing Efficiency up to 1.64%
journal, August 2017


Composition design, optical gap and stability investigations of lead-free halide double perovskite Cs 2 AgInCl 6
journal, January 2017


Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaic Solar Cells
journal, January 2018


Mixed Sulfur and Iodide-Based Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2018


Tunable ferroelectric polarization and its interplay with spin–orbit coupling in tin iodide perovskites
journal, December 2014


Viability of Lead-Free Perovskites with Mixed Chalcogen and Halogen Anions for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, March 2016


Parity-Forbidden Transitions and Their Impact on the Optical Absorption Properties of Lead-Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Double Perovskites
journal, June 2017


Oriented tuning the photovoltaic properties of γ -RbGeX 3 by strain-induced electron effective mass mutation
journal, October 2017


Phase Diagrams and Stability of Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites Cs 2 BB′X 6 : B = Sb and Bi, B′ = Cu, Ag, and Au, and X = Cl, Br, and I
journal, December 2017


Computational Screening of Homovalent Lead Substitution in Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskites
journal, December 2015


Cesium Titanium(IV) Bromide Thin Films Based Stable Lead-free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, March 2018


Ruddlesden–Popper Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskite 2D Homologous Semiconductors
journal, April 2016


Superior Photovoltaic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites: Insights from First-Principles Theory
journal, February 2015


Erratum: “Hybrid functionals based on a screened Coulomb potential” [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 8207 (2003)]
journal, June 2006


Toward Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2016


Shallow halogen vacancies in halide optoelectronic materials
journal, November 2014


Exploring the properties of lead-free hybrid double perovskites using a combined computational-experimental approach
journal, January 2016


Rb as an Alternative Cation for Templating Inorganic Lead-Free Perovskites for Solution Processed Photovoltaics
journal, October 2016


Exploring the transposition effects on the electronic and optical properties of Cs 2 AgSbCl 6 via a combined computational-experimental approach
journal, January 2018


Changes in charge density vs changes in formal oxidation states: The case of Sn halide perovskites and their ordered vacancy analogues
journal, July 2017


Roles of Pseudo-Closed s 2 Orbitals for Different Intrinsic Hole Generation between Tl–Bi and In–Bi Bromide Double Perovskites
journal, December 2017


Layered Halide Double Perovskites Cs 3+ n M(II) n Sb 2 X 9+3 n (M = Sn, Ge) for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, December 2017


Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Photocurrents Realized Through Vacancy Modulation
journal, September 2014


Highly stable, phase pure Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 double perovskite thin films for optoelectronic applications
journal, January 2017


Excitons in layered BiI3 single crystals
journal, August 1988


Methylammonium Bismuth Iodide as a Lead-Free, Stable Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Solar Absorber
journal, January 2016


Lead-free germanium iodide perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2015


Limitations of Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 as Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorber Materials
journal, January 2018


Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3
journal, October 2013


Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition
journal, September 2013


Solution-processable antimony-based light-absorbing materials beyond lead halide perovskites
journal, January 2017


Importance of Spin–Orbit Coupling in Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, August 2013


Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells
journal, March 1961


Realizing Efficient Lead-Free Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells via a Sequential Deposition Route
journal, December 2017


Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015


A -Site Cation in Inorganic A 3 Sb 2 I 9 Perovskite Influences Structural Dimensionality, Exciton Binding Energy, and Solar Cell Performance
journal, May 2018


High Charge Carrier Mobilities and Lifetimes in Organolead Trihalide Perovskites
journal, December 2013


Large dielectric constant, high acceptor density, and deep electron traps in perovskite solar cell material CsGeI 3
journal, January 2016


Bandgap Engineering of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 through Trivalent Metal Alloying
journal, June 2017


(CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 PdCl 4 : A Compound with Two-Dimensional Organic-Inorganic Layered Perovskite Structure
journal, January 2016


Chemical Origin of the Stability Difference between Copper(I)- and Silver(I)-Based Halide Double Perovskites
journal, August 2017


The Role of Intrinsic Defects in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite
journal, March 2014


Magnetic Properties of Ferrous Chloride Complexes with Two-Dimensional Structures
journal, October 1971


Correlation of energy disorder and open-circuit voltage in hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016


Direct measurement of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for charge carriers in organic–inorganic tri-halide perovskites
journal, June 2015


Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014


Double Perovskite Cs 2 BBiX 6 (B = Ag, Cu; X = Br, Cl)/TiO 2 Heterojunction: An Efficient Pb-Free Perovskite Interface for Charge Extraction
journal, February 2017


Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Materials with an Optoelectronically Active Aromatic Cation: (C 7 H 7 ) 2 SnI 6 and C 7 H 7 PbI 3
journal, December 2014


Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014


Elastic properties and thermal expansion of lead-free halide double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6
journal, January 2018


Unique Properties of Halide Perovskites as Possible Origins of the Superior Solar Cell Performance
journal, May 2014


Discovering lead-free perovskite solar materials with a split-anion approach
journal, January 2016


Tin- and Lead-Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Scrutiny: An Environmental Perspective
journal, September 2015


Efficient perovskite solar cells by metal ion doping
journal, January 2016


The synthesis and structures of complex rare-earth halides
journal, January 1982


Synthesis, crystal structure, and properties of a perovskite-related bismuth phase, (NH 4 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9
journal, March 2016


Lead-Free MA 2 CuCl x Br 4– x Hybrid Perovskites
journal, January 2016


Lead-Free Silver-Bismuth Halide Double Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, March 2018


Defect-Induced Band-Edge Reconstruction of a Bismuth-Halide Double Perovskite for Visible-Light Absorption
journal, March 2017


Theoretical insights into a potential lead-free hybrid perovskite: substituting Pb 2+ with Ge 2+
journal, January 2016


Poor Photovoltaic Performance of Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 : An Insight through First-Principles Calculations
journal, August 2017


Effect of temperature variation on shift and broadening of the exciton band in Cs3Bi2I9 layered crystals
journal, December 2004


Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber
journal, October 2013


The Making and Breaking of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Nanocrystals of Cesium Silver–Bismuth Halide Compositions
journal, May 2018


A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells
journal, January 2016


A Bismuth-Halide Double Perovskite with Long Carrier Recombination Lifetime for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, February 2016


Classification of Lattice Defects in the Kesterite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 Earth-Abundant Solar Cell Absorbers
journal, February 2013


Microstructural analysis and optical properties of the halide double perovskite Cs2BiAgBr6 single crystals
journal, February 2018


Can Pb-Free Halide Double Perovskites Support High-Efficiency Solar Cells?
journal, October 2016


Charge Carrier Dynamics in Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite
journal, January 2018