Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems

Zhao, Juntao; Giammar, Daniel E.; Pasteris, Jill D.; Dai, Chong; Bae, Yeunook; Hu, Yandi

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02788

Title: Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems

Journal Article · Tue Sep 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Environmental Science and Technology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02788· OSTI ID:1483094

Zhao, Juntao ^[1];

^[2]; Pasteris, Jill D. ^[2]; Dai, Chong ^[1]; Bae, Yeunook ^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of Houston, TX (United States)
Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)

Phosphate is commonly added to drinking water to inhibit lead release from lead service lines and lead-containing materials in premise plumbing. Phosphate addition promotes the formation of lead phosphate particles, and their aggregation behaviors may affect their transport in pipes. In this work, lead phosphate formation and aggregation were studied under varied aqueous conditions typical of water supply systems. Under high aqueous PO₄/Pb molar ratios (>1), phosphate adsorption made the particles more negatively charged. Therefore, enhanced stability of lead phosphate particles was observed, suggesting that although addition of excess phosphate can lower the dissolved lead concentrations in tap water, it may increase concentrations of particulate lead. Adsorption of divalent cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) onto lead phosphate particles neutralized their negative surface charges and promoted their aggregation at pH 7, indicating that phosphate addition for lead immobilization may be more efficient in harder waters. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM, ≥ 0.05 mg C/L humic acid and ≥ 0.5 mg C/L fulvic acid) retarded particle aggregation at pH 7. Consequently, removal of organic carbon during water treatment to lower the formation of disinfection-byproducts (DBPs) may have the additional benefit of minimizing the mobility of lead-containing particles. This study provided insight into fundamental mechanisms controlling lead phosphate aggregation. Such understanding is helpful to understand the observed trends of total lead in water after phosphate addition in both field and pilot-scale lead pipe studies. Also, it can help optimize lead immobilization by better controlling the water chemistry during phosphate addition.

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: 1604042; 1603717; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1483094

Journal Information:: Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 52, Issue 21; ISSN 0013-936X

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: ENGLISH

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Cited by: 48 works

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Contamination
Phosphates
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Title: Formation and Aggregation of Lead Phosphate Particles: Implications for Lead Immobilization in Water Supply Systems

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