Comparison of Big-Leaf, Two-Big-Leaf, and Two-Leaf Upscaling Schemes for Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Coupled Carbon-Water Modeling

Luo, Xiangzhong; Chen, Jing M.; Liu, Jane; Black, T. Andrew; Croft, Holly; Staebler, Ralf; He, Liming; Arain, M. Altaf; Chen, Bin; Mo, Gang; Gonsamo, Alemu; McCaughey, Harry

doi:10.1002/2017jg003978

Title: Comparison of Big-Leaf, Two-Big-Leaf, and Two-Leaf Upscaling Schemes for Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Coupled Carbon-Water Modeling

Journal Article · Tue Jan 09 00:00:00 EST 2018 · Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jg003978· OSTI ID:1476596

^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Black, T. Andrew ^[4];

^[2];

^[5];

^[2];

^[6]; Chen, Bin ^[3];

^[2];

^[2]; McCaughey, Harry ^[7]

Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)
Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada); Nanjing Univ. (China)
Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
Environment Canada, Toronto, ON (Canada)
McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON (Canada)
Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON (Canada)

Evapotranspiration (ET) is commonly estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation, which assumes that the plant canopy is a big leaf (BL) and the water flux from vegetation is regulated by canopy stomatal conductance (G_s). However, BL has been found to be unsuitable for terrestrial biosphere models built on the carbon-water coupling principle because it fails to capture daily variations of gross primary productivity (GPP). A two-big-leaf scheme (TBL) and a two-leaf scheme (TL) that stratify a canopy into sunlit and shaded leaves have been developed to address this issue. However, there is a lack of comparison of these upscaling schemes for ET estimation, especially on the difference between TBL and TL. We find that TL shows strong performance (r² = 0.71, root-mean-square error = 0.05 mm/h) in estimating ET at nine eddy covariance towers in Canada. BL simulates lower annual ET and GPP than TL and TBL. The biases of estimated ET and GPP increase with leaf area index (LAI) in BL and TBL, and the biases of TL show no trends with LAI. BL miscalculates the portions of light-saturated and light-unsaturated leaves in the canopy, incurring negative biases in its flux estimation. TBL and TL showed improved yet different GPP and ET estimations. This difference is attributed to the lower Gsand intercellular CO₂ concentration simulated in TBL compared to their counterparts in TL. Finally, we suggest to use TL for ET modeling to avoid the uncertainty propagated from the artificial upscaling of leaf-level processes to the canopy scale in BL and TBL.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canada Research Chairs Program; Canadian Space Agency

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; 14SUSMAPTO

OSTI ID:: 1476596

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences, Vol. 123, Issue 1; ISSN 2169-8953

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 50 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (74)

Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. III. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme. Sellers, P. J.; Berry, J. A.; Collatz, G. J. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 42, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90102-P	journal	December 1992
A Two-Big-Leaf Model for Canopy Temperature, Photosynthesis, and Stomatal Conductance Dai, Yongjiu; Dickinson, Robert E.; Wang, Ying-Ping Journal of Climate, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2281:ATMFCT>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 2004
Scaling CO2-photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy Amthor, Jeffrey S. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 39, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00014590	journal	March 1994
Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models De Pury, D. G. G.; Farquhar, G. D. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00094.x	journal	May 1997
Effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis in European forest species: a meta-analysis of model parameters: Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 Medlyn, B. E.; Badeck, F. -W.; De Pury, D. G. G. Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 22, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00523.x	journal	December 1999
Combining the Penman-Monteith equation with measurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates of semiarid grassland Moran, M. S.; Rahman, A. F.; Washburne, J. C. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 80, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02292-9	journal	July 1996
Mapping evapotranspiration based on remote sensing: An application to Canada's landmass: MAPPING ET OVER CANADIAN LANDMASS IN 1 KM GRIDS Liu, J.; Chen, J. M.; Cihlar, J. Water Resources Research, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001680	journal	July 2003
Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm Mu, Qiaozhen; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 115, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019	journal	August 2011
Distributed hydrological model for mapping evapotranspiration using remote sensing inputs Chen, Jing M.; Chen, Xiaoyong; Ju, Weimin Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 305, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.029	journal	April 2005
Earth's Global Energy Budget Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T.; Kiehl, Jeffrey Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 90, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1	journal	March 2009
Remote sensing-based ecosystem–atmosphere simulation scheme (EASS)—Model formulation and test with multiple-year data Chen, Baozhang; Chen, Jing M.; Ju, Weimin Ecological Modelling, Vol. 209, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.032	journal	December 2007
A Comparison of a Hierarchy of Models for Determining Energy Balance Components over Vegetation Canopies Vogel, Christoph A.; Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Luhar, Ashok K. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 34, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2182:ACOAHO>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1995
A global comparison of four potential evapotranspiration equations and their relevance to stream flow modelling in semi-arid environments Weiß, M.; Menzel, L. Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-18-15-2008	journal	January 2008
Improved global simulations of gross primary product based on a separate and explicit treatment of diffuse and direct sunlight Alton, P. B.; Ellis, R.; Los, S. O. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008022	journal	January 2007
Photosynthetic responses to altitude: an explanation based on optimality principles Wang, Han; Prentice, I. Colin; Davis, Tyler W. New Phytologist, Vol. 213, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14332	journal	November 2016
Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity: FOLIAGE CLUMPING EFFECT ON GLOBAL GPP Chen, Jing M.; Mo, Gang; Pisek, Jan Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003996	journal	March 2012
Conversion of canopy intercepted radiation to photosynthate: review of modelling approaches for regional scales Medlyn, Belinda; Barrett, Damian; Landsberg, Joe Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02088	journal	January 2003
Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest Ju, Weimin; Chen, Jing M.; Black, T. Andrew Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 140, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008	journal	November 2006
Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, History and Applications Brutsaert, Wilfried Environmental Fluid Mechanics (book series) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1497-6	book	January 1982
Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO ₂ and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models Cramer, Wolfgang; Bondeau, Alberte; Woodward, F. Ian Global Change Biology, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x	journal	April 2001
'Single-Layer Models of Evaporation From Plant Canopies Are Incorrect but Useful, Whereas Multilayer Models Are Correct but Useless': Discuss Raupach, Mr; Finnigan, Jj Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9880705	journal	January 1988
Boreal forest CO ₂ exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: Intermodel comparisons and relationships to field measurements Amthor, J. S.; Chen, J. M.; Clein, J. S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 106, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900850	journal	December 2001
Improved assessment of gross and net primary productivity of Canada's landmass: NPP AND GPP OF CANADA'S LANDMASS Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M.; Price, David T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002388	journal	November 2013
Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature Norman, J. M.; Kustas, W. P.; Humes, K. S. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 77, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02265-Y	journal	December 1995
On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: a perspective Baldocchi, Dennis; Meyers, Tilden Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 90, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00072-5	journal	March 1998
Modelling canopy CO ₂ fluxes: are ‘big-leaf’ simplifications justified? Friend, A. D. Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00268.x	journal	November 2001
Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance: RECONCILING OPTIMAL AND EMPIRICAL STOMATAL MODELS Medlyn, Belinda E.; Duursma, Remko A.; Eamus, Derek Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02375.x	journal	January 2011
Simulation and scaling of temporal variation in gross primary production for coniferous and deciduous temperate forests Wang, Q.; Tenhunen, J.; Falge, E. Global Change Biology, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00716.x	journal	January 2004
Development and Evaluation of Simplified Models for Simulating Canopy Photosynthesis and Transpiration Sinclair, T. R.; Murphy, C. E.; Knoerr, K. R. The Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2307/2402257	journal	December 1976
A Model Predicting Stomatal Conductance and its Contribution to the Control of Photosynthesis under Different Environmental Conditions Ball, J. Timothy; Woodrow, Ian E.; Berry, Joseph A. Progress in Photosynthesis Research https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0519-6_48	book	January 1987
A comparison of daily representations of canopy conductance based on two conditional time-averaging methods and the dependence of daily conductance on environmental factors Phillips, Nathan; Oren, Ram Annales des Sciences Forestières, Vol. 55, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19980113	journal	January 1998
Global clumping index map derived from the MODIS BRDF product He, Liming; Chen, Jing M.; Pisek, Jan Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.008	journal	April 2012
Modelling Stomatal Behaviour and and Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus grandis Leuning, R. Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9900159	journal	January 1990
Assessing Tower Flux Footprint Climatology and Scaling Between Remotely Sensed and Eddy Covariance Measurements Chen, Baozhang; Black, T. Andrew; Coops, Nicholas C. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 130, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9339-1	journal	December 2008
Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. II. Model testing and application Baldocchi, D. D.; Harley, P. C. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00626.x	journal	October 1995
An analytical solution for coupled leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models Baldocchi, D. Tree Physiology, Vol. 14, Issue 7-8-9 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.1069	journal	July 1994
Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration: scaling from leaves to canopies Leuning, R.; Kelliher, F. M.; Pury, D. G. G. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00628.x	journal	October 1995
A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: Wang, Y. -P.; Leuning, R. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 91, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6	journal	May 1998
Net ecosystem production in a temperate pine plantation in southeastern Canada Arain, M. Altaf; Restrepo-Coupe, Natalia Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 128, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.003	journal	February 2005
Maximum conductances for evaporation from global vegetation types Kelliher, F. M.; Leuning, R.; Raupach, M. R. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 73, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)02178-M	journal	February 1995
Modelling Amazonian forest eddy covariance data: a comparison of big leaf versus sun/shade models for the C-14 tower at Manaus I. Canopy photosynthesis Mercado, Lina; Lloyd, Jon; Carswell, Fiona Acta Amazonica, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672006000100009	journal	March 2006
Modelling surface conductance of pine forest Stewart, J. B. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(88)90003-2	journal	June 1988
Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources Oki, T. Science, Vol. 313, Issue 5790 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128845	journal	August 2006
Soil Thermal Emissivity as Affected by its Water Content and Surface Treatment Chen, J. M.; Yang, B. J.; Zhang, R. H. Soil Science, Vol. 148, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198912000-00005	journal	January 1989
Intercomparison of techniques to model water stress effects on CO2 and energy exchange in temperate and boreal deciduous forests Grant, R. F.; Zhang, Y.; Yuan, F. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 196, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.035	journal	July 2006
Seasonal controls of canopy chlorophyll content on forest carbon uptake: Implications for GPP modeling Croft, H.; Chen, J. M.; Froelich, N. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 120, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002980	journal	August 2015
Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models, a review Dickinson, Robert E.; Henderson-Sellers, Ann; Rosenzweig, Cynthia Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 54, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90014-H	journal	April 1991
Global estimation of evapotranspiration using a leaf area index-based surface energy and water balance model Yan, H.; Wang, S. Q.; Billesbach, D. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.004	journal	September 2012
Leaf area index measurements at Fluxnet-Canada forest sites Chen, Jing M.; Govind, Ajit; Sonnentag, Oliver Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 140, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.005	journal	November 2006
Investigations with a higher-order canopy turbulence model into mean source-sink levels and bulk canopy resistances Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 47, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(89)90099-3	journal	September 1989
Continuous observation of leaf area index at Fluxnet-Canada sites Gonsamo, Alemu; Chen, Jing M. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 189-190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.016	journal	June 2014
Surface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of the CO2 flux Barr, A. G.; Morgenstern, K.; Black, T. A. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 140, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.007	journal	November 2006
Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada Bergeron, Onil; Margolis, Hank A.; Black, T. Andrew Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x	journal	January 2007
Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications Chen, J. M.; Liu, J.; Cihlar, J. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 124, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00156-8	journal	December 1999
Evaluation of leaf-to-canopy upscaling methodologies against carbon flux data in North America: GPP, BIG-LEAF, TWO-LEAF, CLUMPING INDEX Sprintsin, Michael; Chen, Jing M.; Desai, Ankur Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001407	journal	February 2012
Inter-annual variability in the leaf area index of a boreal aspen-hazelnut forest in relation to net ecosystem production Barr, Alan G.; Black, T. A.; Hogg, E. H. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 126, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.011	journal	November 2004
Studies on the measurements of crop emissivity and sky temperature Chen, Jing-Ming; Zhang, Ren-Hua Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(89)90059-2	journal	December 1989
Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature Xu, L.; Baldocchi, D. D. Tree Physiology, Vol. 23, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.13.865	journal	September 2003
Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements Chen, Jing M.; Rich, Paul M.; Gower, Stith T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01107	journal	December 1997
Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of carbon fluxes in an age-sequence of temperate pine forests Peichl, Matthias; Brodeur, Jason J.; Khomik, Myroslava Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 150, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.002	journal	July 2010
Optimization of water uptake and photosynthetic parameters in an ecosystem model using tower flux data He, Liming; Chen, Jing M.; Liu, Jane Ecological Modelling, Vol. 294 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.019	journal	December 2014
Modeling the Exchanges of Energy, Water, and Carbon Between Continents and the Atmosphere Sellers, P. J. Science, Vol. 275, Issue 5299 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5299.502	journal	January 1997
Comparison of boreal ecosystem model sensitivity to variability in climate and forest site parameters Potter, Christopher S.; Wang, Shusen; Nikolov, Ned T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 106, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000224	journal	December 2001
A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species Farquhar, G. D.; von Caemmerer, S.; Berry, J. A. Planta, Vol. 149, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386231	journal	June 1980
Trends of carbon fluxes and climate over a mixed temperate–boreal transition forest in southern Ontario, Canada Froelich, Norma; Croft, Holly; Chen, Jing M. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 211-212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.05.009	journal	October 2015
Seasonal variation of photosynthetic model parameters and leaf area index from global Fluxnet eddy covariance data Groenendijk, M.; Dolman, A. J.; Ammann, C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue G4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001742	journal	January 2011
Modeling CO ₂ and water vapor turbulent flux distributions within a forest canopy Lai, Chun-Ta; Katul, Gabriel; Oren, Ram Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900468	journal	November 2000
Simulations of canopy net photosynthesis and transpiration in Quercus ilex L. under the influence of seasonal drought Sala, A.; Tenhunen, J. D. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 78, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02250-3	journal	February 1996
Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales: GLOBAL GPP AND ET Ryu, Youngryel; Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Kobayashi, Hideki Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004053	journal	December 2011
Soil Water Characteristic Estimates by Texture and Organic Matter for Hydrologic Solutions Saxton, K. E.; Rawls, W. J. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0117	journal	January 2006
A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models Sellers, P. J.; Mintz, Y.; Sud, Y. C. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 43, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0505:ASBMFU>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1986
Testing the robustness of predictive models for chlorophyll generated from spaceborne imaging spectroscopy data for a mixedwood boreal forest canopy Gökkaya, Kemal; Thomas, Valerie; Noland, Thomas International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.866291	journal	November 2013
A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability: GLOBAL TERRESTRIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Wang, Kaicun; Dickinson, Robert E. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000373	journal	May 2012
Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance Medlyn, Belinda E.; Duursma, Remko A.; Eamus, Derek Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02790.x	journal	October 2012

Cited By (3)

Forest‐Type‐Dependent Water Use Efficiency Trends Across the Northern Hemisphere Wang, Mengjie; Chen, Yunhao; Wu, Xiuchen Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079093	journal	August 2018
The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on global photosynthesis using satellite remote sensing Luo, Xiangzhong; Keenan, Trevor F.; Fisher, Joshua B. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 373, Issue 1760 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0409	journal	October 2018
Cotton Yield Estimate Using Sentinel-2 Data and an Ecosystem Model over the Southern US He, Liming; Mostovoy, Georgy Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172000	journal	August 2019