skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: “Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

The tremendous interest focused on organic–inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb-based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb-based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less-toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn-based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. Additionally, after years of effort invested in Sn-based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn-based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn-based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb-based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn-based perovskites are discussed.

Authors:
 [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF)
OSTI Identifier:
1767508
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1475216
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0001059; DMR-1121262
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Advanced Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 31; Journal Issue: 47; Journal ID: ISSN 0935-9648
Publisher:
Wiley
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
14 SOLAR ENERGY; catalysis (homogeneous); catalysis (heterogeneous); solar (photovoltaic); solar (fuels); optics; phonons; photosynthesis (natural and artificial); bio-inspired; hydrogen and fuel cells; charge transport; magnetism and spin physics; materials and chemistry by design; mesostructured materials; synthesis (novel materials); synthesis (self-assembly); synthesis (scalable processing); halide perovskites; tin-based lead-free solar cells

Citation Formats

Ke, Weijun, Stoumpos, Constantinos C., and Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. “Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1002/adma.201803230.
Ke, Weijun, Stoumpos, Constantinos C., & Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. “Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803230
Ke, Weijun, Stoumpos, Constantinos C., and Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. 2018. "“Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201803230. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1767508.
@article{osti_1767508,
title = {“Unleaded” Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells},
author = {Ke, Weijun and Stoumpos, Constantinos C. and Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.},
abstractNote = {The tremendous interest focused on organic–inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb-based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb-based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less-toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn-based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. Additionally, after years of effort invested in Sn-based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn-based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn-based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb-based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn-based perovskites are discussed.},
doi = {10.1002/adma.201803230},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1767508}, journal = {Advanced Materials},
issn = {0935-9648},
number = 47,
volume = 31,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 299 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Interplay between Iodide and Tin Vacancies in CsSnI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, July 2017


Fabrication of high coverage MASnI 3 perovskite films for stable, planar heterojunction solar cells
journal, January 2017


Ab initio investigation of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites based on tin halides
journal, June 2008


Efficient Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Lead-Free Perovskite Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes
journal, July 2016


Preparation and characterization of layered lead halide compounds
journal, March 1991


Four-Terminal All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Achieving Power Conversion Efficiencies Exceeding 23%
journal, January 2018


Perovskite Solar Cell with an Efficient TiO 2 Compact Film
journal, September 2014


Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells
journal, May 2009


Relativistic GW calculations on CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications
journal, March 2014


Solution processing of air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts, Cs 2 SnI 6−x Br x , for potential solar cell applications
journal, January 2017


High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange
journal, May 2015


Thin-Film Deposition and Characterization of a Sn-Deficient Perovskite Derivative Cs 2 SnI 6
journal, March 2016


Formamidinium tin-based perovskite with low E g for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2015


Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation
journal, February 2017


A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability
journal, September 2014


Heterojunction-Depleted Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with Coarse-Grained B-γ-CsSnI 3 Thin Films
journal, September 2016


Enhanced Performance of Germanium Halide Perovskite Solar Cells through Compositional Engineering
journal, February 2018


High-Performance Perovskite-Polymer Hybrid Solar Cells via Electronic Coupling with Fullerene Monolayers
journal, June 2013


Quantum dot-induced phase stabilization of  -CsPbI3 perovskite for high-efficiency photovoltaics
journal, October 2016


Efficient hole-blocking layer-free planar halide perovskite thin-film solar cells
journal, March 2015


Formation of Stable Tin Perovskites Co-crystallized with Three Halides for Carbon-Based Mesoscopic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2017


High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015


Dopant-Free Tetrakis-Triphenylamine Hole Transporting Material for Efficient Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2017


Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2014


Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process
journal, December 2013


Tunable Perovskite Semiconductor CH3NH3SnX3 (X: Cl, Br, or I) Characterized by X-ray and DTA
journal, September 2011


Lead-free mesoscopic Cs 2 SnI 6 perovskite solar cells using different nanostructured ZnO nanorods as electron transport layers
journal, June 2016


Formation of Hybrid Perovskite Tin Iodide Single Crystals by Top-Seeded Solution Growth
journal, February 2016


Overcoming Short-Circuit in Lead-Free CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells via Kinetically Controlled Gas–Solid Reaction Film Fabrication Process
journal, February 2016


The Dawn of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: Highly Stable Double Perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Film
journal, December 2017


Ligand-Free, Quantum-Confined Cs 2 SnI 6 Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, September 2017


Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells
journal, July 2013


Structurally Tailored Organic−Inorganic Perovskites:  Optical Properties and Solution-Processed Channel Materials for Thin-Film Transistors
journal, October 2001


Structure–Band Gap Relationships in Hexagonal Polytypes and Low-Dimensional Structures of Hybrid Tin Iodide Perovskites
journal, December 2016


Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2012


Highly Oriented Low-Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskites with Enhanced Stability and Photovoltaic Performance
journal, May 2017


Properties and solar cell applications of Pb-free perovskite films formed by vapor deposition
journal, January 2016


Cooperative tin oxide fullerene electron selective layers for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016


Lead-Free Perovskite Nanowire Array Photodetectors with Drastically Improved Stability in Nanoengineering Templates
journal, December 2016


Luminescence and electrical conductivity of CsSnBr3, and related phases
journal, January 1981


Interface Engineering for Highly Efficient and Stable Planar p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2017


Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF 2 –Pyrazine Complex
journal, March 2016


Insight into lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics and optoelectronics: A first-principles study
journal, August 2018


Photocarrier Recombination and Injection Dynamics in Long-Term Stable Lead-Free CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Perovskite Thin Films and Solar Cells
journal, July 2017


Open-circuit Voltage Loss in CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2017


Vibronic Structure in Room Temperature Photoluminescence of the Halide Perovskite Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9
journal, September 2016


Hybrid Germanium Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors: Active Lone Pairs, Structural Distortions, Direct and Indirect Energy Gaps, and Strong Nonlinear Optical Properties
journal, May 2015


Perovskite solar cells with CuSCN hole extraction layers yield stabilized efficiencies greater than 20%
journal, September 2017


Mixed cation hybrid lead halide perovskites with enhanced performance and stability
journal, January 2017


Enhanced mobility CsPbI 3 quantum dot arrays for record-efficiency, high-voltage photovoltaic cells
journal, October 2017


Estimating the Maximum Attainable Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, January 2010


How SnF 2 Impacts the Material Properties of Lead-Free Tin Perovskites
journal, December 2017


Conducting Layered Organic-inorganic Halides Containing <110>-Oriented Perovskite Sheets
journal, March 1995


Thermal engineering of lead-free nanostructured CH3NH3SnCl3 perovskite material for thin-film solar cell
journal, December 2017


Chemical tuning of dynamic cation off-centering in the cubic phases of hybrid tin and lead halide perovskites
journal, January 2017


127I-NQR, 119 Sn Mössbauer Effect, and Electrical Conductivity of MSnI3 (M = K, NH4 , Rb, Cs, and CH3NH3 )
journal, April 1990


White-Light Emission and Structural Distortion in New Corrugated Two-Dimensional Lead Bromide Perovskites
journal, March 2017


Crystal Structure and Photoconductivity of Cæsium Plumbohalides
journal, November 1958


Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2014


Crystal preparation and properties of cesium tin(II) trihalides
journal, March 1974


High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2016


Cupric bromide hybrid perovskite heterojunction solar cells
journal, November 2015


Optoelectronic Properties of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 3 Sb 2 I 9 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, June 2016


Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%
journal, August 2012


TiO 2 –ZnS Cascade Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2016


2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar Cell Applications
journal, June 2015


Band Gaps of the Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites Cs 2 BiAgCl 6 and Cs 2 BiAgBr 6 from Theory and Experiment
journal, June 2016


Preparation of Conductive Organic–Inorganic Cubic Perovskite Thin Films by Dual-Source Vacuum Vapor Deposition
journal, January 2006


Thin-Film Deposition of Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials
journal, October 2001


The Origin of Lower Hole Carrier Concentration in Methylammonium Tin Halide Films Grown by a Vapor-Assisted Solution Process
journal, December 2016


Bulk heterojunction perovskite hybrid solar cells with large fill factor
journal, January 2015


Unusual defect physics in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cell absorber
journal, February 2014


Photovoltaic Rudorffites: Lead-Free Silver Bismuth Halides Alternative to Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites
journal, July 2017


Wide band-gap tuning in Sn-based hybrid perovskites through cation replacement: the FA 1−x MA x SnBr 3 mixed system
journal, January 2017


Solid-state principles applied to organic–inorganic perovskites: new tricks for an old dog
journal, January 2014


CsSnBr 3 , A Lead-Free Halide Perovskite for Long-Term Solar Cell Application: Insights on SnF 2 Addition
journal, October 2016


Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics
journal, February 2014


Searching for promising new perovskite-based photovoltaic absorbers: the importance of electronic dimensionality
journal, January 2017


Correction: Retraction: Graded bandgap perovskite solar cells
journal, February 2018


Self-Healing Inside APbBr 3 Halide Perovskite Crystals
journal, January 2018


Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical and Thermal Properties of (C4H9NH3)2MI4 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb)
journal, January 1996


Synthesis and Optical Properties of Lead-Free Cesium Tin Halide Perovskite Quantum Rods with High-Performance Solar Cell Application
journal, November 2016


Mixed-Organic-Cation Tin Iodide for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 8.12%
journal, July 2017


Importance of Reducing Vapor Atmosphere in the Fabrication of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2017


Cs 2 AgBiX 6 (X = Br, Cl): New Visible Light Absorbing, Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Semiconductors
journal, February 2016


Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance
journal, September 2016


Templating and structural engineering in organic–inorganic perovskites
journal, January 2001


Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells
journal, May 2014


Air-Stable Molecular Semiconducting Iodosalts for Solar Cell Applications: Cs2SnI6 as a Hole Conductor
journal, October 2014

  • Lee, Byunghong; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Zhou, Nanjia
  • Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 43, p. 15379-15385
  • https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508464w

Schottky solar cells based on CsSnI 3 thin-films
journal, August 2012


Highly Reproducible Sn-Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency
journal, September 2017


Structures and phase transitions in perovskites - a group-theoretical approach
journal, December 2004


Recent progress in electron transport layers for efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016


Formation of Thin Films of Organic-Inorganic Perovskites for High-Efficiency Solar Cells
journal, February 2015


Thermodynamic Stability and Defect Chemistry of Bismuth-Based Lead-Free Double Perovskites
journal, August 2016


Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling and Self-Trapped Excitons in the Defect Halide Perovskites A 3 M 2 I 9 (A = Cs, Rb; M = Bi, Sb)
journal, April 2017


Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: Progresses and Perspectives
journal, May 2016


Effects of annealing temperature of tin oxide electron selective layers on the performance of perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2015


Addressing Toxicity of Lead: Progress and Applications of Low-Toxic Metal Halide Perovskites and Their Derivatives
journal, March 2017


A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability
journal, July 2014


All vapor-deposited lead-free doped CsSnBr3 planar solar cells
journal, October 2016


Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells
journal, June 2017


Interfaces in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, August 2017


Parity-Forbidden Transitions and Their Impact on the Optical Absorption Properties of Lead-Free Metal Halide Perovskites and Double Perovskites
journal, June 2017


The rapid evolution of highly efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2017


Modeling Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2015


Efficient luminescent solar cells based on tailored mixed-cation perovskites
journal, January 2016


Antimony (V) Complex Halides: Lead-Free Perovskite-Like Materials for Hybrid Solar Cells
journal, October 2017


Improved efficiency and stability of Pb–Sn binary perovskite solar cells by Cs substitution
journal, January 2016


Ruddlesden–Popper Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskite 2D Homologous Semiconductors
journal, April 2016


Organic Cation-Dependent Degradation Mechanism of Organotin Halide Perovskites
journal, March 2016


Thermally evaporated methylammonium tin triiodide thin films for lead-free perovskite solar cell fabrication
journal, January 2016


Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide Perovskites with Organic Cations: Phase Transitions, High Mobilities, and Near-Infrared Photoluminescent Properties
journal, July 2013


Electron-hole diffusion lengths > 175 μm in solution-grown CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 single crystals
journal, January 2015


Enhanced stability and efficiency in hole-transport-layer-free CsSnI3 perovskite photovoltaics
journal, November 2016


Toward Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2016


Rb as an Alternative Cation for Templating Inorganic Lead-Free Perovskites for Solution Processed Photovoltaics
journal, October 2016


Effects of organic cations on the defect physics of tin halide perovskites
journal, January 2017


Highly Efficient Perovskite-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells Reaching 80% of the Theoretical Limit in Photovoltage
journal, July 2017


Enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability with a new type of hollow 3D perovskite {en}FASnI 3
journal, August 2017


Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Photocurrents Realized Through Vacancy Modulation
journal, September 2014


Highly stable, phase pure Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 double perovskite thin films for optoelectronic applications
journal, January 2017


Hole-Transporting Materials in Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, May 2016


Carrier Diffusion Lengths of over 500 nm in Lead-Free Perovskite CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Films
journal, October 2016


Progress in Theoretical Study of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Materials
journal, August 2017


Lead-free germanium iodide perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2015


Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells
journal, November 2017


Synthesis and Characterization of Organic−Inorganic Perovskite Thin Films Prepared Using a Versatile Two-Step Dipping Technique
journal, January 1998


Conducting tin halides with a layered organic-based perovskite structure
journal, June 1994


Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition
journal, September 2013


Efficient fully-vacuum-processed perovskite solar cells using copper phthalocyanine as hole selective layers
journal, January 2015


Graded bandgap perovskite solar cells
journal, November 2016


The electronic structure of CsSnBr3 and related trihalides; Studies using XPS and band theory
journal, June 1979


Efficient Lead-Free Solar Cells Based on Hollow {en}MASnI 3 Perovskites
journal, October 2017


Solution-processable antimony-based light-absorbing materials beyond lead halide perovskites
journal, January 2017


Addictive-assisted construction of all-inorganic CsSnIBr 2 mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with superior thermal stability up to 473 K
journal, January 2016


Voltage output of efficient perovskite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage and fill factor
journal, January 2014


A critical review on tin halide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2017


Realizing Efficient Lead-Free Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells via a Sequential Deposition Route
journal, December 2017


Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015


Efficient planar perovskite solar cells using room-temperature vacuum-processed C 60 electron selective layers
journal, January 2015


Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of FASnI 3 -Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hydrazinium Chloride Coadditive
journal, June 2018


Bandgap Engineering of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 through Trivalent Metal Alloying
journal, June 2017


Radiative Monomolecular Recombination Boosts Amplified Spontaneous Emission in HC(NH 2 ) 2 SnI 3 Perovskite Films
journal, October 2016


A solvent- and vacuum-free route to large-area perovskite films for efficient solar modules
journal, September 2017


Impact of Anionic Br Substitution on Open Circuit Voltage in Lead Free Perovskite (CsSnI 3-x Br x ) Solar Cells
journal, January 2015


Solution-Processed Tin-Based Perovskite for Near-Infrared Lasing
journal, July 2016


Organometal halide perovskite thin films and solar cells by vapor deposition
journal, January 2016


Frontiers, opportunities, and challenges in perovskite solar cells: A critical review
journal, June 2018


The Renaissance of Halide Perovskites and Their Evolution as Emerging Semiconductors
journal, September 2015


Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Highly Efficient Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells in Air Using Gas Pump Method
journal, July 2016


Hall mobility in tin iodide perovskite CH3NH3SnI3: Evidence for a doped semiconductor
journal, September 2013


All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency
journal, May 2012


Synthesis, Resistivity, and Thermal Properties of the Cubic Perovskite NH2CH=NH2SnI3 and Related Systems
journal, December 1997


Low-temperature processed solar cells with formamidinium tin halide perovskite/fullerene heterojunctions
journal, March 2016


Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014


Perovskite Solar Cells Go Lead Free
journal, December 2017


81 Br NQR and 119 Sn Mössbauer Study for MSnBr 3 (M=Cs and CH 3 NH 3 )
journal, December 1988


Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Average Efficiency of 18.3% and Best Efficiency of 19.7% Fabricated via Lewis Base Adduct of Lead(II) Iodide
journal, July 2015


Halide Perovskites: Poor Man's High-Performance Semiconductors
journal, May 2016


Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014


High Open-Circuit Voltages in Tin-Rich Low-Bandgap Perovskite-Based Planar Heterojunction Photovoltaics
journal, November 2016


Anharmonicity and Octahedral Tilting in Hybrid Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskites
journal, December 2017


Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials as Semiconducting Channels in Thin-Film Field-Effect Transistors
journal, October 1999


Tin perovskite/fullerene planar layer photovoltaics: improving the efficiency and stability of lead-free devices
journal, January 2015


Unique Properties of Halide Perovskites as Possible Origins of the Superior Solar Cell Performance
journal, May 2014


Anomalous Band Gap Behavior in Mixed Sn and Pb Perovskites Enables Broadening of Absorption Spectrum in Solar Cells
journal, May 2014


Organo-metal halide perovskite-based solar cells with CuSCN as the inorganic hole selective contact
journal, January 2014


Assessing the toxicity of Pb- and Sn-based perovskite solar cells in model organism Danio rerio
journal, January 2016


Lead-Free Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications: Recent Advances and Perspectives
journal, February 2017


Lead-Free MA 2 CuCl x Br 4– x Hybrid Perovskites
journal, January 2016


Unraveling the Chemical Nature of the 3D “Hollow” Hybrid Halide Perovskites
journal, April 2018


Perovskite ink with wide processing window for scalable high-efficiency solar cells
journal, March 2017


Phase Transition and Electric Conductivity of ASnCl 3 (A = Cs and CH 3 NH 3 )
journal, January 1998


Contact Engineering: Electrode Materials for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, August 2017


Solvent-Mediated Crystallization of CH3NH3SnI3 Films for Heterojunction Depleted Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, August 2015


Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber
journal, October 2013


Effect of Structural Phase Transition on Charge-Carrier Lifetimes and Defects in CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 Perovskite
journal, March 2016


Transport, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of the Conducting Halide Perovskite CH3NH3SnI3
journal, January 1995


Optical properties due to electronic transitions in two-dimensional semiconductors ( C n H 2 n + 1 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4
journal, December 1990


Progress on lead-free metal halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications: a review
journal, March 2017


Chemically diverse and multifunctional hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites
journal, February 2017


A Bismuth-Halide Double Perovskite with Long Carrier Recombination Lifetime for Photovoltaic Applications
journal, February 2016


Diammonium Cations in the FASnI 3 Perovskite Structure Lead to Lower Dark Currents and More Efficient Solar Cells
journal, May 2018


Recent advances in perovskite solar cells: efficiency, stability and lead-free perovskite
journal, January 2017


High efficiency perovskite solar cells: from complex nanostructure to planar heterojunction
journal, January 2014


Perovskites: The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells
journal, October 2013


Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Tin Oxide as an Alternative Electron Transporting Layer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, May 2015


CuSCN-Based Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cell with an Average PCE of 15.6%
journal, May 2015


Bandgap Engineering of Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 through Trivalent Metal Alloying
journal, June 2017


High Open-Circuit Voltages in Tin-Rich Low-Bandgap Perovskite-Based Planar Heterojunction Photovoltaics
text, January 2017


Luminescence and electrical conductivity of CsSnBr3 and related phases
journal, January 1981


Formation of Stable Tin Perovskites Co-crystallized with Three Halides for Carbon-Based Mesoscopic Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2017


Perovskite Solar Cells Go Lead Free
journal, December 2017


Works referencing / citing this record:

Layered Germanium Hybrid Perovskite Bromides: Insights from Experiments and First‐Principles Calculations
journal, April 2019


Highly Stable and Efficient FASnI 3 ‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells by Introducing Hydrogen Bonding
journal, September 2019


Bismuth Halide Perovskite‐Like Materials: Current Opportunities and Challenges
journal, March 2019


Ag/In lead‐free double perovskites
journal, February 2020


Dependence of material properties and photovoltaic performance of triple cation tin perovskites on the iodide to bromide ratio
journal, October 2019


Prospects for low-toxicity lead-free perovskite solar cells
journal, February 2019


Photovoltaic properties of a triple cation methylammonium/formamidinium/phenylethylammonium tin iodide perovskite
journal, January 2019


Photophysics of lead-free tin halide perovskite films and solar cells
journal, August 2019


Advances in the Stability of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, November 2019


Myths and reality of HPbI3 in halide perovskite solar cells
journal, November 2018


Sub-1.4eV bandgap inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability
journal, January 2020


Metal Cations in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Perspective
journal, July 2019


Compositional and Solvent Engineering in Dion-Jacobson 2D Perovskites Boosts Solar Cell Efficiency and Stability
journal, January 2019


Tin-based nanomaterials: colloidal synthesis and battery applications
journal, January 2019


A chiral lead-free photoactive hybrid material with a narrow bandgap
journal, January 2020


Benzodithiophene Hole‐Transporting Materials for Efficient Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2019


Present Status and Research Prospects of Tin‐based Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, August 2019


Band alignment of Pb–Sn mixed triple cation perovskites for inverted solar cells with negligible hysteresis
journal, January 2019


Advances in the Stability of Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
journal, November 2019