Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress

doi:https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2016-0199.1

Title: Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress

Abstract

Reservoir core measurements can help guide seismic monitoring of fluid-induced pressure variations in tight fractured reservoirs including those targeted for supercritical CO ₂ injection. We present the first seismic-frequency ‘room-dry’ measurements of fracture specific shear stiffness, using artificially fractured standard granite samples with different degrees of mating, a well-mated tensile fracture from a dolomite reservoir core, as well as simple roughened polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. We have adapted a low-frequency (0.01 to 100 Hz) shear modulus and attenuation apparatus to explore the seismic signature of fractures and understand the mechanics of asperity contacts under a range of normal stress conditions. Our instrument is unique in its ability to measure at low normal stresses (0.5 – 20 MPa), simulating 'open' fractures in shallow or high fluid pressure reservoirs. The accuracy of our instrument is demonstrated by calibration and comparison to ultrasonic measurements and low-frequency direct shear measurements of intact samples from the literature. Pressure sensitive film was used to measure real contact area of the fracture surfaces. The fractured shear modulus for the majority of the samples shows an exponential dependence on real contact area. A simple numerical model, with one bonded circular asperity, predicts this behavior and matches the datamore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[2]; Bonner, Brian P. ^[3]; Glaser, Steven D. ^[1]; Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan B. ^[3]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: 2017-03-01

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1474932

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1430903

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; FC26-05NT42587

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Geophysics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 82; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0016-8033

Publisher:: Society of Exploration Geophysicists

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES; fractures; low frequency; rock physics; shear modulus; attenuation

Citation Formats


                    Saltiel, Seth, Selvadurai, Paul A., Bonner, Brian P., Glaser, Steven D., and Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan B. Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
        Web.  doi:10.1190/GEO2016-0199.1.

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                    Saltiel, Seth, Selvadurai, Paul A., Bonner, Brian P., Glaser, Steven D., & Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan B. Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2016-0199.1

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                    Saltiel, Seth, Selvadurai, Paul A., Bonner, Brian P., Glaser, Steven D., and Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan B. Wed .  
        "Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2016-0199.1.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474932.

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@article{osti_1474932,

  title        = {Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress},

  author       = {Saltiel, Seth and Selvadurai, Paul A. and Bonner, Brian P. and Glaser, Steven D. and Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan B.},

  abstractNote = {Reservoir core measurements can help guide seismic monitoring of fluid-induced pressure variations in tight fractured reservoirs including those targeted for supercritical CO2 injection. We present the first seismic-frequency ‘room-dry’ measurements of fracture specific shear stiffness, using artificially fractured standard granite samples with different degrees of mating, a well-mated tensile fracture from a dolomite reservoir core, as well as simple roughened polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces. We have adapted a low-frequency (0.01 to 100 Hz) shear modulus and attenuation apparatus to explore the seismic signature of fractures and understand the mechanics of asperity contacts under a range of normal stress conditions. Our instrument is unique in its ability to measure at low normal stresses (0.5 – 20 MPa), simulating 'open' fractures in shallow or high fluid pressure reservoirs. The accuracy of our instrument is demonstrated by calibration and comparison to ultrasonic measurements and low-frequency direct shear measurements of intact samples from the literature. Pressure sensitive film was used to measure real contact area of the fracture surfaces. The fractured shear modulus for the majority of the samples shows an exponential dependence on real contact area. A simple numerical model, with one bonded circular asperity, predicts this behavior and matches the data for the simple PMMA surfaces. The rock surfaces reach their intact moduli at lower contact area than the model predicts, likely due to more complex geometry. Lastly, we apply our results to a Linear-Slip Interface Model to estimate reflection coefficients and calculate shear wave time delays due to the lower wave velocities through the fractured zone. We find that cross-well surveys could detect even well-mated hard rock fractures assuming the availability of high repeatability acquisition systems.},

  doi          = {10.1190/GEO2016-0199.1},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1474932},
  journal      = {Geophysics},

  issn         = {0016-8033},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 82,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2017},

  month        = {3}

}

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Title: Experimental development of low-frequency shear modulus and attenuation measurements in mated rock fractures: Shear mechanics due to asperity contact area changes with normal stress

Abstract

Citation Formats

Contact mechanics for randomly rough surfaces journal, June 2006

Deep in-situ stress measurements by hydrofracturing journal, December 1975

Seismic focusing by a single planar fracture: SEISMIC FOCUSING BY A SINGLE PLANAR FRACTURE journal, March 2003

A versatile facility for laboratory studies of viscoelastic and poroelastic behaviour of rocks journal, June 2011

Frequency dependence of fracture stiffness journal, February 1992

Nucleation and growth of faults in brittle rocks journal, September 1994

The effect of microcrack dilatancy on the permeability of westerly granite journal, February 1975

Über die Bestimmung des dynamischen Elastizitätsmoduls und des dynamischen Schubmoduls im Frequenzbereich von 10−5 bis 10−1 Hz journal, May 1958

An overview of laboratory apparatuses to measure seismic attenuation in reservoir rocks: Apparatuses to measure seismic attenuation journal, September 2014

Interface waves along fractures in anisotropic media journal, July 2013

Normal Contact Stiffness of Elastic Solids with Fractal Rough Surfaces journal, March 2012

Novel Monitoring Techniques for Characterizing Frictional Interfaces in the Laboratory journal, April 2015

Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces journal, November 1980

Shear modulus and Q of forsterite and dunite near partial melting from forced-oscillation experiments journal, July 1982

Micromechanics of rock friction 2: Quantitative modeling of initial friction with contact theory journal, January 1992

Comparison of static and dynamic measurements of compressibility of rocks journal, November 1965

Well Pressure Behavior of a Naturally Fractured Reservoir journal, October 1983

Technique for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra in rocks under pressure journal, December 1982

Characterization of Fault Roughness at Various Scales: Implications of Three-Dimensional High Resolution Topography Measurements journal, June 2009

Laboratory measurements of elastic properties of carbonate rocks during injection of reactive CO 2 -saturated water : EFFECT OF CO journal, January 2011

Broad bandwidth study of the topography of natural rock surfaces journal, January 1985

A Test of Goodness of Fit journal, December 1954

Lognormal Distribution Function for Describing Anelastic and Other Relaxation Processes I. Theory and Numerical Computations journal, October 1961

Interacting and coalescing Hertzian asperities: A new multiasperity contact model journal, March 2012

Broadband laboratory measurements of dispersion in thermally cracked and fluid-saturated quartzite and a synthetic analogue journal, June 2014

Fracture detection using crosswell and single well surveys journal, March 1997

Are stress distributions along faults the signature of asperity squeeze? journal, January 2006

Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid‐Saturated Porous Solid. I. Low‐Frequency Range journal, March 1956

Transmission of seismic waves across single natural fractures journal, January 1990

Elastic contact between randomly rough surfaces: Comparison of theory with numerical results journal, April 2002

The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: 1. journal, April 1960

Spatial orientation and distribution of reservoir fractures from scattered seismic energy journal, September 2006

Constraints from fault roughness on the scale-dependent strength of rocks journal, November 2015

Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire journal, January 1987

Euclidean and fractal models for the description of rock surface roughness journal, January 1991

Laboratory measurements of guided-wave propagation within a fluid-saturated fracture: Measurements of guided-wave propagation journal, April 2015

Shear stiffness of a solid–solid multicontact interface journal, June 1998

Attenuation at low seismic frequencies in partially saturated rocks: Measurements and description of a new apparatus journal, November 2012

General Theory of Three‐Dimensional Consolidation journal, February 1941

A high-temperature torsion apparatus for the high-resolution characterization of internal friction and creep in refractory metals and ceramics: Application to the seismic-frequency, dynamic response of Earth’s upper mantle journal, February 1998

Isothermal viscoelastic properties of PMMA and LDPE over 11 decades of frequency and time: a test of time–temperature superposition journal, June 2008

Active Source Monitoring of Cross-Well Seismic Travel Time for Stress-Induced Changes journal, February 2007

Stress relaxations at low frequencies in fluid-saturated rocks: Attenuation and modulus dispersion journal, January 1981

Changes in seismic velocity and attenuation during deformation of granite journal, November 1977

Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli at Elevated Temperatures, using Momentary Contact journal, September 1964

A high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus for studies of seismic wave dispersion and attenuation journal, January 1993

Mechanics of a discontinuity in a geomaterial journal, March 2005

Micromechanical stress–displacement model for rough interfaces: Effect of asperity contact orientation on closure and shear behavior journal, January 2012

Pore fluids and seismic attenuation in rocks journal, January 1979

Correlation between the surfaces of natural rock joints journal, December 1986

Effect of pressure and stress on water transport in intact and fractured gabbro and granite journal, January 1980

The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite journal, January 1995

Effect of volatiles on attenuation ( Q −1 ) and velocity in sedimentary rocks journal, January 1980

Normal stress distribution of rough surfaces in contact journal, November 2000

Estimating grain‐scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks journal, December 1991

Seismic attenuation in partially saturated rocks: Recent advances and future directions journal, June 2014

Single Contacts and Multiple Encounters journal, August 1961

Viscoelastic measurement techniques journal, April 2004

Split Hopkinson resonant bar test for sonic-frequency acoustic velocity and attenuation measurements of small, isotropic geological samples journal, April 2011

Rock anelasticity measurements at high pressure, low strain amplitude and seismic frequency journal, December 1984

A review of the micromechanical approach to the physics of contacting surfaces journal, August 1997

Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in imperfectly elastic rock journal, June 1968

Sonic to ultrasonic Q of sandstones and limestones: Laboratory measurements at in situ pressures journal, March 2009

Attenuation and Dispersion of Elastic Waves in a Cylindrical Bar journal, October 1961

Transverse and normal interfacial stiffness of solids with randomly rough surfaces journal, February 2011

Attenuation of short period seismic waves due to scattering journal, January 1982

Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity — Direct measurements journal, January 2006

The effect of viscosity of a fluid phase on velocity in low porosity rocks journal, November 1969

Ultrasonic velocity measurements in volcanic rocks: correlation with microtexture journal, April 2002

A New Method for the Measurement of Real Area of Contact by the Adhesive Transfer of Thin Au film journal, January 2018

Contact mechanics for randomly rough surfaces
journal, June 2006

Deep in-situ stress measurements by hydrofracturing
journal, December 1975

Seismic focusing by a single planar fracture: SEISMIC FOCUSING BY A SINGLE PLANAR FRACTURE
journal, March 2003

A versatile facility for laboratory studies of viscoelastic and poroelastic behaviour of rocks
journal, June 2011

Frequency dependence of fracture stiffness
journal, February 1992

Nucleation and growth of faults in brittle rocks
journal, September 1994

The effect of microcrack dilatancy on the permeability of westerly granite
journal, February 1975

Über die Bestimmung des dynamischen Elastizitätsmoduls und des dynamischen Schubmoduls im Frequenzbereich von 10−5 bis 10−1 Hz
journal, May 1958

An overview of laboratory apparatuses to measure seismic attenuation in reservoir rocks: Apparatuses to measure seismic attenuation
journal, September 2014

Interface waves along fractures in anisotropic media
journal, July 2013

Normal Contact Stiffness of Elastic Solids with Fractal Rough Surfaces
journal, March 2012

Novel Monitoring Techniques for Characterizing Frictional Interfaces in the Laboratory
journal, April 2015

Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces
journal, November 1980

Shear modulus and Q of forsterite and dunite near partial melting from forced-oscillation experiments
journal, July 1982

Micromechanics of rock friction 2: Quantitative modeling of initial friction with contact theory
journal, January 1992

Comparison of static and dynamic measurements of compressibility of rocks
journal, November 1965

Well Pressure Behavior of a Naturally Fractured Reservoir
journal, October 1983

Technique for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra in rocks under pressure
journal, December 1982

Characterization of Fault Roughness at Various Scales: Implications of Three-Dimensional High Resolution Topography Measurements
journal, June 2009

Laboratory measurements of elastic properties of carbonate rocks during injection of reactive CO ₂ -saturated water : EFFECT OF CO
journal, January 2011

Broad bandwidth study of the topography of natural rock surfaces
journal, January 1985

A Test of Goodness of Fit
journal, December 1954

Lognormal Distribution Function for Describing Anelastic and Other Relaxation Processes I. Theory and Numerical Computations
journal, October 1961

Interacting and coalescing Hertzian asperities: A new multiasperity contact model
journal, March 2012

Broadband laboratory measurements of dispersion in thermally cracked and fluid-saturated quartzite and a synthetic analogue
journal, June 2014

Fracture detection using crosswell and single well surveys
journal, March 1997

Are stress distributions along faults the signature of asperity squeeze?
journal, January 2006

Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid‐Saturated Porous Solid. I. Low‐Frequency Range
journal, March 1956

Transmission of seismic waves across single natural fractures
journal, January 1990

Elastic contact between randomly rough surfaces: Comparison of theory with numerical results
journal, April 2002

The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars: 1.
journal, April 1960

Spatial orientation and distribution of reservoir fractures from scattered seismic energy
journal, September 2006

Constraints from fault roughness on the scale-dependent strength of rocks
journal, November 2015

Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire
journal, January 1987

Euclidean and fractal models for the description of rock surface roughness
journal, January 1991

Laboratory measurements of guided-wave propagation within a fluid-saturated fracture: Measurements of guided-wave propagation
journal, April 2015

Shear stiffness of a solid–solid multicontact interface
journal, June 1998

Attenuation at low seismic frequencies in partially saturated rocks: Measurements and description of a new apparatus
journal, November 2012

General Theory of Three‐Dimensional Consolidation
journal, February 1941

A high-temperature torsion apparatus for the high-resolution characterization of internal friction and creep in refractory metals and ceramics: Application to the seismic-frequency, dynamic response of Earth’s upper mantle
journal, February 1998

Isothermal viscoelastic properties of PMMA and LDPE over 11 decades of frequency and time: a test of time–temperature superposition
journal, June 2008

Active Source Monitoring of Cross-Well Seismic Travel Time for Stress-Induced Changes
journal, February 2007

Stress relaxations at low frequencies in fluid-saturated rocks: Attenuation and modulus dispersion
journal, January 1981

Changes in seismic velocity and attenuation during deformation of granite
journal, November 1977

Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Moduli at Elevated Temperatures, using Momentary Contact
journal, September 1964

A high-pressure, high-temperature apparatus for studies of seismic wave dispersion and attenuation
journal, January 1993

Mechanics of a discontinuity in a geomaterial
journal, March 2005

Micromechanical stress–displacement model for rough interfaces: Effect of asperity contact orientation on closure and shear behavior
journal, January 2012

Pore fluids and seismic attenuation in rocks
journal, January 1979

Correlation between the surfaces of natural rock joints
journal, December 1986

Effect of pressure and stress on water transport in intact and fractured gabbro and granite
journal, January 1980

The role of microcracking in shear-fracture propagation in granite
journal, January 1995

Effect of volatiles on attenuation ( Q ⁻¹ ) and velocity in sedimentary rocks
journal, January 1980

Normal stress distribution of rough surfaces in contact
journal, November 2000

Estimating grain‐scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks
journal, December 1991

Seismic attenuation in partially saturated rocks: Recent advances and future directions
journal, June 2014

Single Contacts and Multiple Encounters
journal, August 1961

Viscoelastic measurement techniques
journal, April 2004

Split Hopkinson resonant bar test for sonic-frequency acoustic velocity and attenuation measurements of small, isotropic geological samples
journal, April 2011

Rock anelasticity measurements at high pressure, low strain amplitude and seismic frequency
journal, December 1984

A review of the micromechanical approach to the physics of contacting surfaces
journal, August 1997

Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in imperfectly elastic rock
journal, June 1968

Sonic to ultrasonic Q of sandstones and limestones: Laboratory measurements at in situ pressures
journal, March 2009

Attenuation and Dispersion of Elastic Waves in a Cylindrical Bar
journal, October 1961

Transverse and normal interfacial stiffness of solids with randomly rough surfaces
journal, February 2011

Attenuation of short period seismic waves due to scattering
journal, January 1982

Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity — Direct measurements
journal, January 2006

The effect of viscosity of a fluid phase on velocity in low porosity rocks
journal, November 1969

Ultrasonic velocity measurements in volcanic rocks: correlation with microtexture
journal, April 2002

A New Method for the Measurement of Real Area of Contact by the Adhesive Transfer of Thin Au film
journal, January 2018