skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Accident tolerant fuel cladding development: Promise, status, and challenges

Journal Article · · Journal of Nuclear Materials
 [1]
  1. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

The motivation for transitioning away from zirconium-based fuel cladding in light water reactors to significantly more oxidation-resistant materials, thereby enhancing safety margins during severe accidents, is laid out. A review of the development status for three accident tolerant fuel cladding technologies, namely coated zirconium-based cladding, ferritic alumina-forming alloy cladding, and silicon carbide fiber–reinforced silicon carbide matrix composite cladding, is offered. Technical challenges and data gaps for each of these cladding technologies are highlighted. Full development towards commercial deployment of these technologies is identified as a high priority for the nuclear industry.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725
OSTI ID:
1471930
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1506714
Journal Information:
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 501, Issue C; ISSN 0022-3115
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 364 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (174)

Thermal Neutron Capture Cross Sections journal August 1951
Advanced oxidation-resistant iron-based alloys for LWR fuel cladding journal May 2014
The Future of Low-Carbon Electricity journal October 2017
Fuel R & D to Improve Fuel Reliability journal September 2006
Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys Used for Nuclear Fuel Cladding journal July 2015
Accident tolerant fuels for LWRs: A perspective journal May 2014
Preliminary assessment of accident-tolerant fuels on LWR performance during normal operation and under DB and BDB accident conditions journal May 2014
Scoping assessments of ATF impact on late-stage accident progression including molten core–concrete interaction journal May 2014
Modification of MELCOR for severe accident analysis of candidate accident tolerant cladding materials journal April 2017
Research and Development Methodology for Practical Use of Accident Tolerant Fuel in Light Water Reactors journal February 2016
KAERI’s Development of LWR Accident-Tolerant Fuel journal May 2014
Oxidation of fuel cladding candidate materials in steam environments at high temperature and pressure journal August 2012
High temperature oxidation of fuel cladding candidate materials in steam–hydrogen environments journal September 2013
Silicon Carbide Oxidation in Steam up to 2 MPa journal July 2014
Oxidation of Advanced Zirconium Cladding Alloys in Steam at Temperatures in the Range of 600–1200 °C journal March 2011
The Effect of Oxide Volatilization on the Oxidation Kinetics of Cr and Fe-Cr Alloys journal January 1966
Alumina Volatility in Water Vapor at Elevated Temperatures journal September 2004
The effect of H2O gas on volatilities of planet-forming major elements: I. Experimental determination of thermodynamic properties of Ca-, Al-, and Si-hydroxide gas molecules and its application to the solar nebula journal January 1992
Mechanisms of irradiation growth of alpha-zirconium alloys journal October 1988
Irradiation-induced densification of UO2 pellet fuel journal November 1976
Experimental Observations on Fuel Pellet Performance at High Burnup journal September 2006
Pellet-clad interaction (PCI) failures of zirconium alloy fuel cladding — A review journal August 1990
Cracking of cladding tubes caused by power ramping and by laboratory stress corrosion experiments journal December 1979
The potential impact of enhanced accident tolerant cladding materials on reactivity initiated accidents in light water reactors journal January 2017
Radiation-Induced Creep of UO2 journal March 1973
Development of microstructure and irradiation hardening of Zircaloy during low dose neutron irradiation at nominally 358°C journal November 2011
Development of microstructure and irradiation hardening of Zircaloy during low dose neutron irradiation at nominally 377–440°C journal June 2014
Tensile properties of candidate SNS target container materials after proton and neutron irradiation in the LANSCE accelerator journal July 2001
Investigation of Hydride Rim Effect on Failure of Zircaloy-4 Cladding with Tube Burst Test journal January 2005
Materials challenges in nuclear energy journal February 2013
Fuels for sodium-cooled fast reactors: US perspective journal September 2007
Hydrogen pickup measurements in zirconium alloys: Relation to oxidation kinetics journal August 2014
The effect of fuel thermal conductivity on the behavior of LWR cores during loss-of-coolant accidents journal May 2014
Failure of high burnup fuels under reactivity-initiated accident conditions journal April 2009
Comparative Analysis of Station Blackout Accident Progression in Typical pwr, bwr, and phwr journal April 2012
Current knowledge on core degradation phenomena, a review journal April 1999
Protective coatings on zirconium-based alloys as accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) claddings journal August 2017
Mechanical analysis of surface-coated zircaloy cladding journal August 2017
Neutronic evaluation of coating and cladding materials for accident tolerant fuels journal April 2016
Critical heat flux for SiC- and Cr-coated plates under atmospheric condition journal February 2015
Adhesion property and high-temperature oxidation behavior of Cr-coated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube prepared by 3D laser coating journal October 2015
Investigation of the impact of coatings on corrosion and hydrogen uptake of Zircaloy-4 journal December 2015
Vacuum-arc chromium-based coatings for protection of zirconium alloys from the high-temperature oxidation in air journal October 2015
High temperature steam-oxidation behavior of arc ion plated Cr coatings for accident tolerant fuel claddings journal October 2015
Behavior of an improved Zr fuel cladding with oxidation resistant coating under loss-of-coolant accident conditions journal December 2016
Designing Radiation Resistance in Materials for Fusion Energy journal July 2014
Prototypical experiments relating to air oxidation of Zircaloy-4 at high temperatures journal August 2009
The MN+1AXN phases: A new class of solids: Thermodynamically stable nanolaminates journal January 2000
Cold spray deposition of Ti2AlC coatings for improved nuclear fuel cladding journal November 2015
Laser surface annealing and characterization of Ti2AlC plasma vapor deposition coating on zirconium-alloy substrate journal September 2016
Ceramic coating for corrosion (c3) resistance of nuclear fuel cladding journal November 2015
Multilayer (TiN, TiAlN) ceramic coatings for nuclear fuel cladding journal September 2016
Protection of zirconium by alumina- and chromia-forming iron alloys under high-temperature steam exposure journal July 2013
Anisotropic swelling and microcracking of neutron irradiated Ti3AlC2–Ti5Al2C3 materials journal March 2016
Phase stability, swelling, microstructure and strength of Ti3SiC2-TiC ceramics after low dose neutron irradiation journal January 2017
Undoped and ytterbium-doped titanium aluminum nitride coatings for improved oxidation behavior of nuclear fuel cladding journal December 2017
Performance of Metallic Fuels and Blankets in Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactors journal May 1984
Steam Oxidation Evaluation of Fe–Cr Alloys for Accident Tolerant Nuclear Fuel Cladding journal March 2017
The 885° f (475° c) embrittlement of ferritic stainless steels journal January 1973
α′ precipitation in neutron-irradiated Fe–Cr alloys journal March 2014
Neutronic analysis of candidate accident-tolerant cladding concepts in pressurized water reactors journal January 2015
The development of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels for high-temperature structural use journal July 2008
Effect of steam on high temperature oxidation behaviour of alumina-forming alloys journal January 2015
Performance of FeCrAl for accident-tolerant fuel cladding in high-temperature steam journal August 2017
Effect of Al and Cr Content on Air and Steam Oxidation of FeCrAl Alloys and Commercial APMT Alloy journal March 2017
Development and property evaluation of nuclear grade wrought FeCrAl fuel cladding for light water reactors journal December 2015
Radiation tolerance of neutron-irradiated model Fe–Cr–Al alloys journal October 2015
Irradiation-enhanced α′ precipitation in model FeCrAl alloys journal April 2016
A combined APT and SANS investigation of α′ phase precipitation in neutron-irradiated model FeCrAl alloys journal May 2017
Mechanical properties of neutron-irradiated model and commercial FeCrAl alloys journal June 2017
Microstructure and environmental resistance of low Cr ODS FeCrAl journal January 2015
Performance degradation of candidate accident-tolerant cladding under corrosive environment journal August 2017
Design, properties, and weldability of advanced oxidation-resistant FeCrAl alloys journal September 2017
Solid-liquid phase equilibria of Fe-Cr-Al alloys and spinels journal August 2017
Microstructural control of FeCrAl alloys using Mo and Nb additions journal October 2017
Processability evaluation of a Mo-containing FeCrAl alloy for seamless thin-wall tube fabrication journal July 2017
Development of ODS FeCrAl for Compatibility in Fusion and Fission Energy Applications journal November 2014
Ultra-high temperature tensile properties of ODS steel claddings under severe accident conditions journal April 2017
Deformation behavior of laser welds in high temperature oxidation resistant Fe–Cr–Al alloys for fuel cladding applications journal November 2014
Uniform corrosion of FeCrAl alloys in LWR coolant environments journal October 2016
Characterization of oxides formed on iron-chromium-aluminum alloy in simulated light water reactor environments journal August 2017
A proposed method of calculating displacement dose rates journal August 1975
An investigation of FeCrAl cladding behavior under normal operating and loss of coolant conditions journal August 2017
Fuel performance simulation of iron-chrome-aluminum (FeCrAl) cladding during steady-state LWR operation journal March 2018
Potential impact of accident tolerant fuel cladding critical heat flux characteristics on the high temperature phase of reactivity initiated accidents journal December 2017
Cladding burst behavior of Fe-based alloys under LOCA journal March 2016
Post-quench ductility evaluation of Zircaloy-4 and select iron alloys under design basis and extended LOCA conditions journal May 2014
Advanced TEM characterization of oxide nanoparticles in ODS Fe–12Cr–5Al alloys journal July 2016
A pulse-controlled modified-burst test instrument for accident-tolerant fuel cladding journal November 2017
Experimental observations in support of the dynamic-segregation theory to explain the reactive-element effect journal February 1996
Neutron cross section sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of candidate accident tolerant fuel concepts journal December 2017
Screening of advanced cladding materials and UN–U3Si5 fuel journal July 2015
Influence of the Cr content on the permeation of hydrogen in Fe alloys journal November 2013
Hydrogen permeation in FeCrAl alloys for LWR cladding application journal June 2015
Thermodynamics of the Zr-H System journal December 1995
Hydrogen Permeation Through Metals, Alloys and Oxides at Elevated Temperatures journal September 1960
Synopsis and outcome of the QUENCH experimental program journal July 2010
Development of a silicon carbide fibre with high tensile strength journal June 1976
Synthesis of Continuous Sic Fibers with High Tensile Strength journal July 1976
Effects of fast-neutron irradiation on pyrolytic silicon carbide journal October 1969
Continuous SiC fiber, CVI SiC matrix composites for nuclear applications: Properties and irradiation effects journal May 2014
Irradiation-induced shrinkage of highly crystalline SiC fibers journal January 2015
SiC/SiC composites through transient eutectic-phase route for fusion applications journal August 2004
Design, preparation and properties of non-oxide CMCs for application in engines and nuclear reactors: an overview journal February 2004
Thermo-mechanical properties and microstructure of silicon carbide composites fabricated by nano-infiltrated transient eutectoid process journal November 2002
Melt Infiltration Approach to Ceramic Matrix Composites journal February 1988
Development of high-strength reaction-sintered silicon carbide journal March 2003
High-performance SiC/SiC composites by improved PIP processing with new precursor polymers journal December 2000
Handbook of SiC properties for fuel performance modeling journal September 2007
Paralinear Oxidation of CVD SiC in Water Vapor journal January 1997
High-temperature tensile strength of near-stoichiometric SiC/SiC composites journal December 2002
Enchanced high-temperature performances of SiC/SiC composites by high densification and crystalline structure journal February 2011
Development of Silicon Carbide Composites for Fusion journal August 1993
Current status and critical issues for development of SiC composites for fusion applications journal August 2007
Radiation effects in SiC for nuclear structural applications journal June 2012
Characterization of SiC–SiC composites for accident tolerant fuel cladding journal November 2015
Fabrication and measurement of hoop strength of SiC triplex tube for nuclear fuel cladding applications journal March 2015
Stability of SiC and its composites at high neutron fluence journal October 2011
Vapor-Phase Fabrication and Properties of Continuous-Filament Ceramic Composites journal September 1991
Fabrication of tubular SiCf/SiC using different preform architectures by electrophoretic deposition and hot pressing journal July 2017
Preparation of SiC/SiC Composites by Hot Pressing, Using Tyranno-SA Fiber as Reinforcement journal January 2003
Development of the tailored SiC/SiC composites by the combined fabrication process of ICVI and NITE methods journal February 2009
Mechanical properties of SiC/SiC braided tubes for fuel cladding journal October 2014
Investigation of the C-ring test for measuring hoop tensile strength of nuclear grade ceramic composites journal September 2014
Radiation-tolerant joining technologies for silicon carbide ceramics and composites journal May 2014
Thermophysical and mechanical properties of near-stoichiometric fiber CVI SiC/SiC composites after neutron irradiation at elevated temperatures journal August 2010
Effects of neutron irradiation on mechanical properties of silicon carbide composites fabricated by nano-infiltration and transient eutectic-phase process journal May 2014
Strength of SiCf-SiCm composite tube under uniaxial and multiaxial loading journal March 2018
Fabrication and characterization of joined silicon carbide cylindrical components for nuclear applications journal February 2015
Irradiation resistance of silicon carbide joint at light water reactor–relevant temperature journal May 2017
High-dose neutron irradiation of Hi-Nicalon Type S silicon carbide composites. Part 2: Mechanical and physical properties journal July 2015
Mechanical properties of SiC composites neutron irradiated under light water reactor relevant temperature and dose conditions journal October 2017
Chemical reactivity of CVC and CVD SiC with UO2 at high temperatures journal May 2015
Chemical compatibility between UO 2 fuel and SiC cladding for LWRs. Application to ATF (Accident-Tolerant Fuels) journal April 2017
Safety Assessment of SiC Cladding Oxidation under Loss-of-Coolant Accident Conditions in Light Water Reactors journal August 2013
Oxidation at high temperatures in steam atmosphere and quench of silicon carbide composites for nuclear application journal December 2015
Silicon carbide composite for light water reactor fuel assembly applications journal May 2014
FABRICATION AND MATERIAL ISSUES FOR THE APPLICATION OF SiC COMPOSITES TO LWR FUEL CLADDING journal August 2013
Corrosion Behavior of Silicon Carbide in 290oC Water journal November 1989
Pitting corrosion in CVD SiC at 300°C in deoxygenated high-purity water journal August 2008
Thermodynamic and experimental study of carbon formation on carbides under hydrothermal conditions journal January 1995
Hydrothermal corrosion of SiC in LWR coolant environments in the absence of irradiation journal October 2015
Correlating quartz dissolution kinetics in pure water from 25 to 625°C journal June 1994
The dissolution kinetics of amorphous silica into sodium chloride solutions: effects of temperature and ionic strength journal December 2000
Effect of dissolved hydrogen on the corrosion behavior of chemically vapor deposited SiC in a simulated pressurized water reactor environment journal September 2015
Hydrothermal corrosion of silicon carbide joints without radiation journal December 2016
Microstructure and hydrothermal corrosion behavior of NITE-SiC with various sintering additives in LWR coolant environments journal April 2017
Effect of irradiation damage on hydrothermal corrosion of SiC journal September 2015
Viability of Hydrogen Water Chemistry for Protecting In-Vessel Components of Boiling Water Reactors journal March 1992
Role of irradiation-induced defects on SiC dissolution in hot water journal November 2016
Long-term corrosion behavior of CVD SiC in 360°C water and 400°C steam journal November 2013
Characteristics of Composite Silicon Carbide Fuel Cladding after Irradiation under Simulated PWR Conditions journal July 2013
Re-defining failure envelopes for silicon carbide composites based on damage process analysis by acoustic emission journal October 2013
Thermo-mechanical analysis of LWR SiC/SiC composite cladding journal April 2014
A structural model for multi-layered ceramic cylinders and its application to silicon carbide cladding of light water reactor fuel journal March 2015
Stress analysis and probabilistic assessment of multi-layer SiC-based accident tolerant nuclear fuel cladding journal November 2015
Mechanical performance of SiC three-layer cladding in PWRs journal December 2016
Thermo-mechanical assessment of full SiC/SiC composite cladding for LWR applications with sensitivity analysis journal February 2018
Recent research and development for the dual-coolant blanket concept in the US journal December 2008
Parametric Evaluation of SiC/SiC Composite Cladding with UO2 Fuel for LWR Applications: Fuel Rod Interactions and Impact of Nonuniform Power Profile in Fuel Rod journal February 2018
Experimental design and analysis for irradiation of SiC/SiC composite tubes under a prototypic high heat flux journal August 2017
Evaluating the irradiation effects on the elastic properties of miniature monolithic SiC tubular specimens journal February 2018
SiC Recession Caused by SiO 2 Scale Volatility under Combustion Conditions: II, Thermodynamics and Gaseous-Diffusion Model journal July 1999
Oxidation and Volatilization of Silica Formers in Water Vapor journal August 2003
Observations of Accelerated Silicon Carbide Recession by Oxidation at High Water-Vapor Pressures journal January 2000
High-Temperature Stability of SiC-Based Composites in High-Water-Vapor-Pressure Environments journal August 2003
Steam oxidation of fuel in defective LWR rods journal April 1999
A conceptual model for the fuel oxidation of defective fuel journal June 2007
Materials chemistry and transport modeling for severe accident analyses in light-water reactors III. Fuel dissolution by molten cladding journal April 1996
Oxidation behavior of U-Si compounds in air from 25 to 1000 C journal February 2017
Degradation of UN and UN–U 3 Si 2 pellets in steam environment journal January 2017
Motivation for utilizing new high-performance advanced materials in nuclear energy systems journal December 2016
An approach to fuel development and qualification journal September 2007
Reactor Safety Gap Evaluation of Accident-Tolerant Components and Severe Accident Analysis journal November 2016

Cited By (3)

Hydrogen Interaction with Deep Surface Modified Zr-1Nb Alloy by High Intensity Ti Ion Implantation journal December 2018
Oxidation Characteristics of Two FeCrAl Alloys in Air and Steam from 800°C to 1300°C journal June 2018
Effectiveness of Cr-Coated Zr-Alloy Clad in Delaying Fuel Degradation for a PWR During a Station Blackout Event journal August 2019

Figures / Tables (15)


Similar Records

Related Subjects