Development of a gall-resistant stainless-steel hardfacing alloy

Smith, Ryan; Doran, Marc; Gandy, David; Babu, Suresh; Wu, Leonardo; Ramirez, Antonio J.; Anderson, Peter M.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.020

Title: Development of a gall-resistant stainless-steel hardfacing alloy

Journal Article · Fri Jan 12 00:00:00 EST 2018 · Materials & Design

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.020· OSTI ID:1471842

Smith, Ryan ^[1]; Doran, Marc ^[2]; Gandy, David ^[3]; Babu, Suresh ^[4]; Wu, Leonardo ^[5]; Ramirez, Antonio J. ^[2]; Anderson, Peter M. ^[2]

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA (United States)
The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States). Dept. Materials Science and Engineering
The Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC (United States)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering
Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory-LNNano, Campinas, SP (Brazil)

Here, this work details the development of a new cobalt-free stainless steel powder metallurgy hardfacing alloy designed to replace Stellite 6, a cobalt-based hardfacing alloy used in nuclear valve applications. The fundamental strategy centers on alloying stainless steels with up to 0.5 wt% nitrogen, which is shown to increase both the volume fraction of hard phase precipitates and the strain-hardening rate of the matrix. The resultant alloy, Nitromaxx, exhibits galling performance that is comparable to Stellite 6, up to 350 °C. This performance is attributed to the suppression of strain localization events associated with galling. In particular, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction measurements from tensile tests show that the nitrogen addition decreases the calculated matrix stacking fault energy and enhances both deformation-induced martensite transformation at room temperature and deformation twinning at elevated temperature. These strain-hardening mechanisms, coupled with the increase in precipitate volume fraction, effectively suppress localization and enhance galling resistance up to 350 °C. Lastly, the enhanced galling resistance cannot be rationalized in terms of tensile stress-strain response alone.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1471842

Journal Information:: Materials & Design, Vol. 143, Issue C; ISSN 0264-1275

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 12 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (38)

Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steels Speidel, M. O. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, Vol. 37, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.200600068	journal	October 2006
Temperature Dependence of Tensile Behaviors of Nitrogen-Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steels Wang, Wei; Yan, Wei; Yang, Ke Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 19, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9603-7	journal	February 2010
The Effect of Chemical Composition and Heat Treatment Conditions on Stacking Fault Energy for Fe-Cr-Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel Yonezawa, Toshio; Suzuki, Ken; Ooki, Suguru Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 44, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1943-0	journal	August 2013
Revisiting Stacking Fault Energy of Steels Das, Arpan Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3266-9	journal	December 2015
Creep–fatigue interaction behavior of 316LN austenitic stainless steel with varying nitrogen content Prasad Reddy, G. V.; Sandhya, R.; Sankaran, S. Materials & Design, Vol. 88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.007	journal	December 2015
Kinetics of strain-induced martensitic nucleation Olson, G. B.; Cohen, Morris Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02672301	journal	April 1975
A constitutive model for analyzing martensite formation in austenitic steels deforming at high strain rates Zaera, R.; Rodríguez-Martínez, J. A.; Casado, A. International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2011.08.003	journal	February 2012
A microstructural investigation on deformation mechanisms of Fe–18Cr–12Mn–0.05C metastable austenitic steels containing different amounts of nitrogen Kermanpur, A.; Behjati, P.; Han, J. Materials & Design, Vol. 82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.075	journal	October 2015
In situ observation of strain and phase transformation in plastically deformed 301 austenitic stainless steel Das, Yadunandan B.; Forsey, Alexander N.; Simm, Thomas H. Materials & Design, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.057	journal	December 2016
Strength, damage and fracture behaviors of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel processed by high-pressure torsion Dong, F. Y.; Zhang, P.; Pang, J. C. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.09.016	journal	February 2015
A study on high temperature gas nitriding and tempering heat treatment in 17Cr–1Ni–0.5C Lee, H. W.; Kong, J. H.; Lee, D. J. Materials & Design, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.07.023	journal	May 2009
A galling-resistant substitute for silicon nickel Budinski, Kenneth G.; Budinski, Michael K.; Kohler, Mark S. Wear, Vol. 255, Issue 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00047-4	journal	August 2003
Deformation behavior of additively manufactured GP1 stainless steel Clausen, B.; Brown, D. W.; Carpenter, J. S. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 696 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.04.081	journal	June 2017
Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing Wang, Zhuqing; Palmer, Todd A.; Beese, Allison M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.019	journal	May 2016
Wear Evaluation of High Interstitial Stainless Steels Rawers, J. C.; Tylczak, J. H.; Alman, D. E. Tribology Transactions, Vol. 51, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/10402000802071285	journal	July 2008
Twinning and strain-induced f.c.c. → h.c.p. transformation on the mechanical properties of CoNiCrMo alloys Rémy, L.; Pineau, A. Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(76)90234-2	journal	November 1976
Effect of stacking fault energy on work hardening behaviors in Fe–Mn–Si–C high manganese steels by varying silicon and carbon contents Xiong, Renlong; Peng, Huabei; Wang, Shanling Materials & Design, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.072	journal	November 2015
Strain hardening and transformation mechanism of deformation-induced martensite transformation in metastable austenitic stainless steels Fang, X. F.; Dahl, W. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 141, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90769-J	journal	August 1991
Formation of shear bands and strain-induced martensite during plastic deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steels Talonen, J.; Hänninen, H. Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.015	journal	October 2007
The unlubricated adhesive wear resistance of metastable austenitic stainless steels containing silicon Dumbleton, John H.; Douthett, Joseph A. Wear, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(77)90060-6	journal	April 1977
The Compressive Response of Idealized Cermetlike Materials Bele, Eral; Deshpande, Vikram S. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 82, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029782	journal	April 2015
Deformation twinning in high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel Lee, T. -H.; Oh, C. -S.; Kim, S. -J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.02.023	journal	June 2007
Nitrogen in chromium–manganese stainless steels: a review on the evaluation of stacking fault energy by computational thermodynamics Mosecker, Linda; Saeed-Akbari, Alireza Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1468-6996/14/3/033001	journal	March 2013
Effect of nitrogen on stacking fault energy of f.c.c. iron-based alloys Yakubtsov, I. A.; Ariapour, A.; Perovic, D. D. Acta Materialia, Vol. 47, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00419-4	journal	March 1999
Thermodynamic modeling of the stacking fault energy of austenitic steels Curtze, S.; Kuokkala, V. -T.; Oikari, A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.037	journal	February 2011
Temperature dependence of stacking fault energy in close-packed metals and alloys Rémy, L.; Pineau, A.; Thomas, B. Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(78)90194-5	journal	November 1978
The role of stacking fault energy on galling and wear behavior Bhansali, K. J.; Miller, A. E. Wear, Vol. 75, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(82)90151-X	journal	January 1982
Effect of alloying and heat treatment on the structure and tribological properties of nitrogen-bearing stainless austenitic steels under abrasive and adhesive wear Korshunov, L. G.; Goikhenberg, Yu. N.; Chernenko, N. K. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, Vol. 49, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-007-0039-0	journal	May 2007
The temperature dependence of the wear resistance of iron-base NOREM 02 hardfacing alloy Kim, Jun-Ki; Kim, Seon-Jin Wear, Vol. 237, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00326-9	journal	February 2000
In situ X-ray diffraction analysis of strain-induced transformations in Fe- and Co-base hardfacing alloys Smith, R. T.; Lolla, T.; Gandy, D. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.11.003	journal	March 2015
Thermo-Calc & DICTRA, computational tools for materials science Andersson, J-O; Helander, Thomas; Höglund, Lars Calphad, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-5916(02)00037-8	journal	June 2002
High Nitrogen Steels. Nitrogen in Iron and Steel. Gavriljuk, Valentin G. ISIJ International, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.36.738	journal	January 1996
Relation between lattice expansion and nitrogen content in expanded phase in austenitic stainless steel and CoCr alloys Manova, D.; Lutz, J.; Gerlach, J. W. Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.12.046	journal	July 2011
Modelling kinetics of strain-induced martensite transformation during plastic deformation of austenitic stainless steel Ahmedabadi, Parag M.; Kain, Vivekanand; Agrawal, Ashika Materials & Design, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.106	journal	November 2016
Twin-induced grain boundary engineering for 316 austenitic stainless steel Michiuchi, M.; Kokawa, H.; Wang, Z. J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.030	journal	November 2006
Stacking Fault Energy in Silicon Aerts, E.; Delavignette, P.; Siems, R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 33, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1728570	journal	October 1962
Stacking fault energies of seven commercial austenitic stainless steels Schramm, R. E.; Reed, R. P. Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02641927	journal	July 1975
The influence of manganese content on the stacking fault and austenite/ε-martensite interfacial energies in Fe–Mn–(Al–Si) steels investigated by experiment and theory Pierce, D. T.; Jiménez, J. A.; Bentley, J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.01.001	journal	April 2014