From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes

doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7120445

Title: From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes

Abstract

Asymmetrically shaped nanopores have been shown to rectify the ionic current flowing through pores in a fashion similar to a p-n junction in a solid-state diode. Such asymmetric nanopores include conical pores in polymeric membranes and pyramidal pores in mica membranes. We review here both theoretical and experimental aspects of this ion current rectification phenomenon. A simple intuitive model for rectification, stemming from previously published more quantitative models, is discussed. We also review experimental results on controlling the extent and sign of rectification. It was shown that ion current rectification produces a related rectification of electroosmotic flow (EOF) through asymmetric pore membranes. We review results that show how to measure and modulate this EOF rectification phenomenon. Finally, EOF rectification led to the development of an electroosmotic pump that works under alternating current (AC), as opposed to the currently available direct current EOF pumps.Furthermore experimental results on AC EOF rectification are reviewed, and advantages of using AC to drive EOF are discussed.

Authors:

Experton, Juliette ^[1]; Wu, Xiaojian ^[1]; Martin, Charles R. ^[1]

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)

Publication Date:: 2017-12-14

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC), Washington, D.C. (United States). Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Contributing Org.:: Juliette Experton; Xiaojian Wu; Charles Martin

OSTI Identifier:: 1470068

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001160

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nanomaterials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 7; Journal Issue: 12; Related Information: NEES partners with University of Maryland (lead); University of California, Irvine; University of Florida; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Sandia National Laboratories; Yale University; Journal ID: ISSN 2079-4991

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; bio-inspired; energy storage (including batteries and capacitors); defects; charge transport; synthesis (novel materials); synthesis (self-assembly); synthesis (scalable processing)

Citation Formats


                    Experton, Juliette, Wu, Xiaojian, and Martin, Charles R. From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
        Web.  doi:10.3390/nano7120445.

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                    Experton, Juliette, Wu, Xiaojian, & Martin, Charles R. From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7120445

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                    Experton, Juliette, Wu, Xiaojian, and Martin, Charles R. Thu .  
        "From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7120445.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1470068.

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@article{osti_1470068,

  title        = {From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes},

  author       = {Experton, Juliette and Wu, Xiaojian and Martin, Charles R.},

  abstractNote = {Asymmetrically shaped nanopores have been shown to rectify the ionic current flowing through pores in a fashion similar to a p-n junction in a solid-state diode. Such asymmetric nanopores include conical pores in polymeric membranes and pyramidal pores in mica membranes. We review here both theoretical and experimental aspects of this ion current rectification phenomenon. A simple intuitive model for rectification, stemming from previously published more quantitative models, is discussed. We also review experimental results on controlling the extent and sign of rectification. It was shown that ion current rectification produces a related rectification of electroosmotic flow (EOF) through asymmetric pore membranes. We review results that show how to measure and modulate this EOF rectification phenomenon. Finally, EOF rectification led to the development of an electroosmotic pump that works under alternating current (AC), as opposed to the currently available direct current EOF pumps.Furthermore experimental results on AC EOF rectification are reviewed, and advantages of using AC to drive EOF are discussed.},

  doi          = {10.3390/nano7120445},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1470068},
  journal      = {Nanomaterials},

  issn         = {2079-4991},

  number       = 12,

  volume       = 7,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2017},

  month        = {12}

}

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Synthetic membranes containing asymmetrically shaped pores have been shown to rectify the ionic current flowing through the membrane. Ion-current rectification means that such membranes produce nonlinear current–voltage curves analogous to those observed with solid-state diode rectifiers. In order to observe this ion-current rectification phenomenon, the asymmetrically shaped pores must have pore-wall surface charge. Pore-wall surface charge also allows for electroosmotic flow (EOF) to occur through the membrane. We have shown that, because ion-current is rectified, EOF is likewise rectified in such membranes. This means that flow through the membrane depends on the polarity of the voltage applied across the membrane,more »« less
Cited by 1
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030571
Polarization of gold in nanopores leads to ion current rectification

Journal Article Yang, Crystal ; Hinkle, Preston ; Menestrina, Justin ; ... - Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Biomimetic nanopores with rectifying properties are relevant components of ionic switches, ionic circuits, and biological sensors. Rectification indicates that currents for voltages of one polarity are higher than currents for voltages of the opposite polarity. Ion current rectification requires the presence of surface charges on the pore walls, achieved either by the attachment of charged groups or in multielectrode systems by applying voltage to integrated gate electrodes. Here we present a simpler concept for introducing surface charges via polarization of a thin layer of Au present at one entrance of a silicon nitride nanopore. In an electric field applied bymore »« less
Cited by 13
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01971

Full Text Available
Surface Charge Density Determination of Single Conical Nanopores Based on Normalized Ion Current Rectification

Journal Article Liu, Juan ; Kvetny, Maksim ; Feng, Jingyu ; ... - Langmuir

Current rectification is well-known in ion transport through nanoscale pores and channel devices. The measured current is affected by both the geometry and fixed interfacial charges of the nanodevices. In this paper, an interesting trend is observed in steady-state current-potential measurements using single conical nanopores. A threshold low conductivity state is observed upon the dilution of electrolyte concentration. Correspondingly, the normalized current at positive bias potentials drastically increases and contributes to different degree of rectification. The novel opposite trend at opposite bias polarities is employed to differentiate the ion flux affected by the fixed charges at the substrate-solution interface (surfacemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1021/la203106w

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Title: From Ion Current to Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Asymmetric Nanopore Membranes

Abstract

Citation Formats

Probing driving forces in aerolysin and α-hemolysin biological nanopores: electrophoresis versus electroosmosis journal, January 2016

Effect of Conical Nanopore Diameter on Ion Current Rectification journal, December 2009

An Alternating Current Electroosmotic Pump Based on Conical Nanopore Membranes journal, April 2016

Electrokinetic Flow in Ultrafine Capillary Slits 1 journal, May 1964

Rectification of Ionic Current in a Nanofluidic Diode journal, March 2007

Electroosmotic Flow in Template-Prepared Carbon Nanotube Membranes journal, December 2001

Electrolysis-reducing electrodes for electrokinetic devices journal, March 2011

Attoliter-Scale Dispensing in Nanofluidic Channels journal, February 2007

The charge of glass and silica surfaces journal, October 2001

Nanofluidic Diode and Bipolar Transistor journal, November 2005

A zeta-potential model for ionic surfactant adsorption on an ionogenic hydrophobic surface journal, October 1988

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices journal, September 2009

Nature of Cl Bonding on the Au(111) Surface: Evidence of a Mainly Covalent Interaction journal, March 2008

Ion-Current Rectification in Nanopores and Nanotubes with Broken Symmetry journal, April 2006

Electrokinetic Flow in a Narrow Cylindrical Capillary journal, November 1965

Electroosmotic pumps and their applications in microfluidic systems journal, January 2009

Voltage-Rectified Current and Fluid Flow in Conical Nanopores journal, September 2016

Electrochemical transport properties of a cone-shaped nanopore: high and low electrical conductivity states depending on the sign of an applied electrical potential difference journal, April 2003

Ionic Conductivity of the Aqueous Layer Separating a Lipid Bilayer Membrane and a Glass Support † journal, December 2006

Pore structure and function of synthetic nanopores with fixed charges: tip shape and rectification properties journal, June 2008

Electroosmotic flow through an $$\alpha$$ α -hemolysin nanopore journal, May 2017

Nanofluidic technology for biomolecule applications: a critical review journal, January 2010

The Role of Nanopore Geometry for the Rectification of Ionic Currents journal, March 2011

Voltage gating of ion channels journal, February 1994

Effect of etching conditions on pore shape in etched ion-track polycarbonate membranes journal, October 2009

AC Electroosmotic Pumping in Nanofluidic Funnels journal, June 2016

Conical Nanopore Membranes. Preparation and Transport Properties journal, April 2004

Ion Transport in Nanofluidic Channels journal, January 2004

Ion Current Rectification at Nanopores in Glass Membranes journal, March 2008

Ion transport in nanofluidic channels journal, January 2010

Fundamental Studies of Nanofluidics: Nanopores, Nanochannels, and Nanopipets journal, December 2014

Diode-like single-ion track membrane prepared by electro-stopping journal, November 2001

Rectification of Ion Current in Nanopipettes by External Substrates journal, November 2013

Toward orientation-independent design for gas recombination in closed-loop electroosmotic pumps journal, December 2007

Potentiometric studies with an ion permselective membrane journal, March 1971

A nanodevice for rectification and pumping ions journal, May 2004

Propagating Concentration Polarization and Ionic Current Rectification in a Nanochannel–Nanofunnel Device journal, December 2011

Nanofluidic diodes journal, January 2010

LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity journal, April 1913

Surface Charge Density Determination of Single Conical Nanopores Based on Normalized Ion Current Rectification journal, December 2011

Production and use of nuclear tracks: imprinting structure on solids journal, October 1983

Current Rectification at Quartz Nanopipet Electrodes journal, November 1997

Determination of the Surface Charge Density of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Using Second Harmonic Generation journal, June 2015

Sur la constitution de la charge électrique à la surface d'un électrolyte journal, January 1910

Rectification in synthetic conical nanopores: A one-dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck model journal, March 2008

Scan-Rate-Dependent Ion Current Rectification and Rectification Inversion in Charged Conical Nanopores journal, September 2011

Asymmetric Ion Transport through Ion-Channel-Mimetic Solid-State Nanopores journal, January 2013

Conical Nanopore Membranes: Controlling the Nanopore Shape journal, February 2006

Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Membranes with Asymmetrically Shaped Pores: Effects of Current and Pore Density journal, July 2015

Surface charge density of the track-etched nanopores in polyethylene terephthalate foils journal, June 2009

Ionic conduction, rectification, and selectivity in single conical nanopores journal, March 2006

Gated transport in nanofluidic devices journal, April 2011

Nanofluidics in point of care applications journal, January 2014

Controlling the Length of Conical Pores Etched in Ion-Tracked Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Membranes journal, November 2009

Streaming Potential in Cylindrical Pores of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Track-Etched Membranes: Variation of Apparent ζ Potential with Pore Radius journal, May 2005

Electro-responsive asymmetric nanopores in polyimide with stable ion-current signal journal, March 2003

Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Pyramidal-Pore Mica Membranes journal, February 2010

Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores journal, October 2017

Nanofluidic diode generated by pH gradient inside track-etched conical nanopore journal, October 2009

Bench-Top Method for Fabricating Glass-Sealed Nanodisk Electrodes, Glass Nanopore Electrodes, and Glass Nanopore Membranes of Controlled Size journal, July 2007

Study of Anion Adsorption at the Gold-Aqueous Solution Interface by Atomic Force Microscopy journal, October 1994

Transport in nanofluidic systems: a review of theory and applications journal, January 2010

Ionic Transport Phenomena in Nanofluidics: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Exclusion-Enrichment Effect on a Chip journal, June 2005

Metal Nanotubule Membranes with Electrochemically Switchable Ion-Transport Selectivity journal, May 1995

Conical-Nanotube Ion-Current Rectifiers: The Role of Surface Charge journal, September 2004

Imaging α-Hemolysin with Molecular Dynamics: Ionic Conductance, Osmotic Permeability, and the Electrostatic Potential Map journal, June 2005

Nanofluidic Diode journal, March 2007

Effect of nanopore geometry on ion current rectification journal, March 2011

Principles and applications of nanofluidic transport journal, November 2009

Voltage Charging Enhances Ionic Conductivity in Gold Nanotube Membranes journal, July 2014

Rectification properties of conically shaped nanopores: consequences of miniaturization journal, January 2013

Engineered voltage-responsive nanopores journal, January 2010

Ion separation in nanofluidics journal, September 2008

Current Rectification with Poly- l -Lysine-Coated Quartz Nanopipettes journal, November 2006

Scan-Rate-Dependent Current Rectification of Cone-Shaped Silica Nanopores in Quartz Nanopipettes journal, December 2010

Microtube‐Membrane Methodology for Electrochemical Synthesis and Study of Electroactive and Ionically Conductive Materials, and the Conductivity of MnO 2 journal, August 2018

Carbon Nanofibers Provide a Cationic Rectifier Material: Specific Electrolyte Effects, Bipolar Reactivity, and Prospect for Desalination journal, May 2019

Probing driving forces in aerolysin and α-hemolysin biological nanopores: electrophoresis versus electroosmosis
journal, January 2016

Effect of Conical Nanopore Diameter on Ion Current Rectification
journal, December 2009

An Alternating Current Electroosmotic Pump Based on Conical Nanopore Membranes
journal, April 2016

Electrokinetic Flow in Ultrafine Capillary Slits ¹
journal, May 1964

Rectification of Ionic Current in a Nanofluidic Diode
journal, March 2007

Electroosmotic Flow in Template-Prepared Carbon Nanotube Membranes
journal, December 2001

Electrolysis-reducing electrodes for electrokinetic devices
journal, March 2011

Attoliter-Scale Dispensing in Nanofluidic Channels
journal, February 2007

The charge of glass and silica surfaces
journal, October 2001

Nanofluidic Diode and Bipolar Transistor
journal, November 2005

A zeta-potential model for ionic surfactant adsorption on an ionogenic hydrophobic surface
journal, October 1988

Nanofluidics in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
journal, September 2009

Nature of Cl Bonding on the Au(111) Surface: Evidence of a Mainly Covalent Interaction
journal, March 2008

Ion-Current Rectification in Nanopores and Nanotubes with Broken Symmetry
journal, April 2006

Electrokinetic Flow in a Narrow Cylindrical Capillary
journal, November 1965

Electroosmotic pumps and their applications in microfluidic systems
journal, January 2009

Voltage-Rectified Current and Fluid Flow in Conical Nanopores
journal, September 2016

Electrochemical transport properties of a cone-shaped nanopore: high and low electrical conductivity states depending on the sign of an applied electrical potential difference
journal, April 2003

Ionic Conductivity of the Aqueous Layer Separating a Lipid Bilayer Membrane and a Glass Support ^†
journal, December 2006

Pore structure and function of synthetic nanopores with fixed charges: tip shape and rectification properties
journal, June 2008

Electroosmotic flow through an $$\alpha$$ α -hemolysin nanopore
journal, May 2017

Nanofluidic technology for biomolecule applications: a critical review
journal, January 2010

The Role of Nanopore Geometry for the Rectification of Ionic Currents
journal, March 2011

Voltage gating of ion channels
journal, February 1994

Effect of etching conditions on pore shape in etched ion-track polycarbonate membranes
journal, October 2009

AC Electroosmotic Pumping in Nanofluidic Funnels
journal, June 2016

Conical Nanopore Membranes. Preparation and Transport Properties
journal, April 2004

Ion Transport in Nanofluidic Channels
journal, January 2004

Ion Current Rectification at Nanopores in Glass Membranes
journal, March 2008

Ion transport in nanofluidic channels
journal, January 2010

Fundamental Studies of Nanofluidics: Nanopores, Nanochannels, and Nanopipets
journal, December 2014

Diode-like single-ion track membrane prepared by electro-stopping
journal, November 2001

Rectification of Ion Current in Nanopipettes by External Substrates
journal, November 2013

Toward orientation-independent design for gas recombination in closed-loop electroosmotic pumps
journal, December 2007

Potentiometric studies with an ion permselective membrane
journal, March 1971

A nanodevice for rectification and pumping ions
journal, May 2004

Propagating Concentration Polarization and Ionic Current Rectification in a Nanochannel–Nanofunnel Device
journal, December 2011

Nanofluidic diodes
journal, January 2010

LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity
journal, April 1913

Surface Charge Density Determination of Single Conical Nanopores Based on Normalized Ion Current Rectification
journal, December 2011

Production and use of nuclear tracks: imprinting structure on solids
journal, October 1983

Current Rectification at Quartz Nanopipet Electrodes
journal, November 1997

Determination of the Surface Charge Density of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Using Second Harmonic Generation
journal, June 2015

Sur la constitution de la charge électrique à la surface d'un électrolyte
journal, January 1910

Rectification in synthetic conical nanopores: A one-dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck model
journal, March 2008

Scan-Rate-Dependent Ion Current Rectification and Rectification Inversion in Charged Conical Nanopores
journal, September 2011

Asymmetric Ion Transport through Ion-Channel-Mimetic Solid-State Nanopores
journal, January 2013

Conical Nanopore Membranes: Controlling the Nanopore Shape
journal, February 2006

Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Membranes with Asymmetrically Shaped Pores: Effects of Current and Pore Density
journal, July 2015

Surface charge density of the track-etched nanopores in polyethylene terephthalate foils
journal, June 2009

Ionic conduction, rectification, and selectivity in single conical nanopores
journal, March 2006

Gated transport in nanofluidic devices
journal, April 2011

Nanofluidics in point of care applications
journal, January 2014

Controlling the Length of Conical Pores Etched in Ion-Tracked Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Membranes
journal, November 2009

Streaming Potential in Cylindrical Pores of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Track-Etched Membranes: Variation of Apparent ζ Potential with Pore Radius
journal, May 2005

Electro-responsive asymmetric nanopores in polyimide with stable ion-current signal
journal, March 2003

Electroosmotic Flow Rectification in Pyramidal-Pore Mica Membranes
journal, February 2010

Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores
journal, October 2017

Nanofluidic diode generated by pH gradient inside track-etched conical nanopore
journal, October 2009

Bench-Top Method for Fabricating Glass-Sealed Nanodisk Electrodes, Glass Nanopore Electrodes, and Glass Nanopore Membranes of Controlled Size
journal, July 2007

Study of Anion Adsorption at the Gold-Aqueous Solution Interface by Atomic Force Microscopy
journal, October 1994

Transport in nanofluidic systems: a review of theory and applications
journal, January 2010

Ionic Transport Phenomena in Nanofluidics: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Exclusion-Enrichment Effect on a Chip
journal, June 2005

Metal Nanotubule Membranes with Electrochemically Switchable Ion-Transport Selectivity
journal, May 1995

Conical-Nanotube Ion-Current Rectifiers: The Role of Surface Charge
journal, September 2004

Imaging α-Hemolysin with Molecular Dynamics: Ionic Conductance, Osmotic Permeability, and the Electrostatic Potential Map
journal, June 2005

Nanofluidic Diode
journal, March 2007

Effect of nanopore geometry on ion current rectification
journal, March 2011

Principles and applications of nanofluidic transport
journal, November 2009

Voltage Charging Enhances Ionic Conductivity in Gold Nanotube Membranes
journal, July 2014

Rectification properties of conically shaped nanopores: consequences of miniaturization
journal, January 2013

Engineered voltage-responsive nanopores
journal, January 2010

Ion separation in nanofluidics
journal, September 2008

Current Rectification with Poly- l -Lysine-Coated Quartz Nanopipettes
journal, November 2006

Scan-Rate-Dependent Current Rectification of Cone-Shaped Silica Nanopores in Quartz Nanopipettes
journal, December 2010

Microtube‐Membrane Methodology for Electrochemical Synthesis and Study of Electroactive and Ionically Conductive Materials, and the Conductivity of MnO ₂
journal, August 2018

Carbon Nanofibers Provide a Cationic Rectifier Material: Specific Electrolyte Effects, Bipolar Reactivity, and Prospect for Desalination
journal, May 2019

Reversing current rectification to improve DNA‐sensing sensitivity in conical nanopores
journal, March 2019

Alternating electric field-induced ion current rectification and electroosmotic pump in ultranarrow charged carbon nanocones
journal, January 2018

Charge polarization, local electroneutrality breakdown and eddy formation due to electroosmosis in varying-section channels
journal, January 2018