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Title: 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications

Abstract

The rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials research took place following the isolation of graphene in 2004. These new 2D materials include transition metal dichalcogenides, mono-elemental 2D sheets, and several carbide- and nitride-based materials. The number of publications related to these emerging materials has been drastically increasing over the last five years. Thus, through this comprehensive review, we aim to discuss the most recent groundbreaking discoveries as well as emerging opportunities and remaining challenges. This review starts out by delving into the improved methods of producing these new 2D materials via controlled exfoliation, metal organic chemical vapor deposition, and wet chemical means. We look into recent studies of doping as well as the optical properties of 2D materials and their heterostructures. Recent advances towards applications of these materials in 2D electronics are also reviewed, and include the tunnel MOSFET and ways to reduce the contact resistance for fabricating high-quality devices. Finally, several unique and innovative applications recently explored are discussed as well as perspectives of this exciting and fast moving field.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [4]; ORCiD logo [12];  [13];  [14];  [15];  [16] more »;  [3];  [17];  [18];  [19];  [20] « less
  1. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Physics; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials
  2. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Materials Sciences and Engineering
  3. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Chemistry
  4. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Science (CNMS)
  5. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Foundry
  6. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Geballe Lab. for Advanced Materials; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science (SIMES)
  7. Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
  8. Univ. of Regensburg (Germany). Inst. fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik; Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics and Electrical Engineering
  9. Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  10. Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
  11. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  12. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). Dept. of Physics
  13. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  14. Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
  15. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and Inst. of Molecular Engineering
  16. Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
  17. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
  18. Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Dept of Chemistry
  19. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Materials Sciences and Engineering; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings (ATOMIC)
  20. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Physics; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Materials Sciences and Engineering; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept of Chemistry; Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings (ATOMIC)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1360213
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1468337
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515; AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
2D Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 3; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2053-1583
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats

Lin, Zhong, McCreary, Amber, Briggs, Natalie, Subramanian, Shruti, Zhang, Kehao, Sun, Yifan, Li, Xufan, Borys, Nicholas J., Yuan, Hongtao, Fullerton-Shirey, Susan K., Chernikov, Alexey, Zhao, Hui, McDonnell, Stephen, Lindenberg, Aaron M., Xiao, Kai, LeRoy, Brian J., Drndić, Marija, Hwang, James C. M., Park, Jiwoong, Chhowalla, Manish, Schaak, Raymond E., Javey, Ali, Hersam, Mark C., Robinson, Joshua, and Terrones, Mauricio. 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/042001.
Lin, Zhong, McCreary, Amber, Briggs, Natalie, Subramanian, Shruti, Zhang, Kehao, Sun, Yifan, Li, Xufan, Borys, Nicholas J., Yuan, Hongtao, Fullerton-Shirey, Susan K., Chernikov, Alexey, Zhao, Hui, McDonnell, Stephen, Lindenberg, Aaron M., Xiao, Kai, LeRoy, Brian J., Drndić, Marija, Hwang, James C. M., Park, Jiwoong, Chhowalla, Manish, Schaak, Raymond E., Javey, Ali, Hersam, Mark C., Robinson, Joshua, & Terrones, Mauricio. 2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/042001
Lin, Zhong, McCreary, Amber, Briggs, Natalie, Subramanian, Shruti, Zhang, Kehao, Sun, Yifan, Li, Xufan, Borys, Nicholas J., Yuan, Hongtao, Fullerton-Shirey, Susan K., Chernikov, Alexey, Zhao, Hui, McDonnell, Stephen, Lindenberg, Aaron M., Xiao, Kai, LeRoy, Brian J., Drndić, Marija, Hwang, James C. M., Park, Jiwoong, Chhowalla, Manish, Schaak, Raymond E., Javey, Ali, Hersam, Mark C., Robinson, Joshua, and Terrones, Mauricio. 2016. "2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/042001. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1360213.
@article{osti_1360213,
title = {2D materials advances: from large scale synthesis and controlled heterostructures to improved characterization techniques, defects and applications},
author = {Lin, Zhong and McCreary, Amber and Briggs, Natalie and Subramanian, Shruti and Zhang, Kehao and Sun, Yifan and Li, Xufan and Borys, Nicholas J. and Yuan, Hongtao and Fullerton-Shirey, Susan K. and Chernikov, Alexey and Zhao, Hui and McDonnell, Stephen and Lindenberg, Aaron M. and Xiao, Kai and LeRoy, Brian J. and Drndić, Marija and Hwang, James C. M. and Park, Jiwoong and Chhowalla, Manish and Schaak, Raymond E. and Javey, Ali and Hersam, Mark C. and Robinson, Joshua and Terrones, Mauricio},
abstractNote = {The rise of two-dimensional (2D) materials research took place following the isolation of graphene in 2004. These new 2D materials include transition metal dichalcogenides, mono-elemental 2D sheets, and several carbide- and nitride-based materials. The number of publications related to these emerging materials has been drastically increasing over the last five years. Thus, through this comprehensive review, we aim to discuss the most recent groundbreaking discoveries as well as emerging opportunities and remaining challenges. This review starts out by delving into the improved methods of producing these new 2D materials via controlled exfoliation, metal organic chemical vapor deposition, and wet chemical means. We look into recent studies of doping as well as the optical properties of 2D materials and their heterostructures. Recent advances towards applications of these materials in 2D electronics are also reviewed, and include the tunnel MOSFET and ways to reduce the contact resistance for fabricating high-quality devices. Finally, several unique and innovative applications recently explored are discussed as well as perspectives of this exciting and fast moving field.},
doi = {10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/042001},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1360213}, journal = {2D Materials},
issn = {2053-1583},
number = 4,
volume = 3,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Thu Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}

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Phosphorene FETs — Promising transistors based on a few layers of phosphorus atoms
conference, July 2015


Temporal and Thermal Stability of Al 2 O 3 -Passivated Phosphorene MOSFETs
journal, December 2014


Few-Layer Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors with Reduced Current Fluctuation
journal, November 2014


Effective Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Transistors against Ambient Degradation
journal, November 2014


Toward air-stable multilayer phosphorene thin-films and transistors
journal, March 2015


Ultrashort Channel Length Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors
journal, August 2015


Gate tunable quantum oscillations in air-stable and high mobility few-layer phosphorene heterostructures
journal, December 2014


High-quality sandwiched black phosphorus heterostructure and its quantum oscillations
journal, June 2015


Environmental, thermal, and electrical susceptibility of black phosphorus field effect transistors
journal, September 2015

  • Wang, Zenghui; Islam, Arnob; Yang, Rui
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 33, Issue 5
  • https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4927371

Flexible Black Phosphorus Ambipolar Transistors, Circuits and AM Demodulator
journal, February 2015


Black Phosphorus Radio-Frequency Transistors
journal, October 2014


Black Phosphorus p-MOSFETs With 7-nm HfO 2 Gate Dielectric and Low Contact Resistance
journal, April 2015


High-Performance p-Type Black Phosphorus Transistor with Scandium Contact
journal, April 2016


Black Phosphorus Flexible Thin Film Transistors at Gighertz Frequencies
journal, March 2016


Continuous-wave and transient characteristics of phosphorene microwave transistors
conference, May 2016


Phase engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, January 2015


Controlled Exfoliation of MoS 2 Crystals into Trilayer Nanosheets
journal, April 2016


Photoluminescence from Chemically Exfoliated MoS2
journal, December 2011


Electrical contacts to two-dimensional semiconductors
journal, November 2015


High Performance Multilayer MoS2Transistors with Scandium Contacts
journal, December 2012


MoS 2 P-type Transistors and Diodes Enabled by High Work Function MoO x Contacts
journal, February 2014


Phase-engineered low-resistance contacts for ultrathin MoS2 transistors
journal, August 2014


Recent Strategies for Improving the Catalytic Activity of 2D TMD Nanosheets Toward the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
journal, February 2016


The role of electronic coupling between substrate and 2D MoS2 nanosheets in electrocatalytic production of hydrogen
journal, June 2016


Enhancement of Carrier Mobility in Semiconductor Nanostructures by Dielectric Engineering
journal, March 2007


Reducing Extrinsic Performance-Limiting Factors in Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
journal, March 2012


MoS 2 functionalization for ultra-thin atomic layer deposited dielectrics
journal, March 2014


HfO 2 on UV–O 3 exposed transition metal dichalcogenides: interfacial reactions study
journal, January 2015


Atomic Layer Deposition of Al 2 O 3 on WSe 2 Functionalized by Titanyl Phthalocyanine
journal, June 2016


The Unusual Mechanism of Partial Fermi Level Pinning at Metal–MoS 2 Interfaces
journal, March 2014


Sulfur vacancies in monolayer MoS 2 and its electrical contacts
journal, October 2013


Soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of metal-molybdenum bisulphide interfaces
journal, April 1985


Chemical interaction of thin Cr films with the MoS 2 (0001) surface studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning Auger microscopy
journal, July 1992

  • Durbin, Thomas D.; Lince, Jeffrey R.; Yarmoff, Jory A.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 10, Issue 4
  • https://doi.org/10.1116/1.578093

Schottky-barrier formation on a covalent semiconductor without Fermi-level pinning: The metal- MoS 2 (0001) interface
journal, July 1987


Transition Metal–MoS2 Reactions: Review and Thermodynamic Predictions
journal, August 2015


Improved Contacts to MoS 2 Transistors by Ultra-High Vacuum Metal Deposition
journal, May 2016


MoS 2 –Titanium Contact Interface Reactions
journal, March 2016


Tuning the electronic properties of Ti–MoS 2 contacts through introducing vacancies in monolayer MoS 2
journal, January 2015


A computational study of metal-contacts to beyond-graphene 2D semiconductor materials
conference, December 2012


Atomically Thin Ohmic Edge Contacts Between Two-Dimensional Materials
journal, May 2016


Electronic Transport of Encapsulated Graphene and WSe 2 Devices Fabricated by Pick-up of Prepatterned hBN
journal, February 2015


Emerging Carbon and Post-Carbon Nanomaterial Inks for Printed Electronics
journal, February 2015


Solution Phase Production of Graphene with Controlled Thickness via Density Differentiation
journal, December 2009


Layer-by-Layer Assembled 2D Montmorillonite Dielectrics for Solution-Processed Electronics
journal, October 2015


Thickness sorting of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides via copolymer-assisted density gradient ultracentrifugation
journal, November 2014


Solvent Exfoliation of Electronic-Grade, Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus
journal, February 2015


Stable aqueous dispersions of optically and electronically active phosphorene
journal, April 2016


Inkjet Printing of High Conductivity, Flexible Graphene Patterns
journal, March 2013

  • Secor, Ethan B.; Prabhumirashi, Pradyumna L.; Puntambekar, Kanan
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 8, p. 1347-1351
  • https://doi.org/10.1021/jz400644c

Gravure Printing of Graphene for Large-area Flexible Electronics
journal, April 2014


High-Resolution Patterning of Graphene by Screen Printing with a Silicon Stencil for Highly Flexible Printed Electronics
journal, November 2014


Three-Dimensional Printing of High-Content Graphene Scaffolds for Electronic and Biomedical Applications
journal, February 2015


Rapid and Versatile Photonic Annealing of Graphene Inks for Flexible Printed Electronics
journal, September 2015


Gate-tunable carbon nanotube-MoS2 heterojunction p-n diode
journal, October 2013


Large-Area, Low-Voltage, Antiambipolar Heterojunctions from Solution-Processed Semiconductors
journal, December 2014


Gate-tunable memristive phenomena mediated by grain boundaries in single-layer MoS2
journal, April 2015


Hybrid, Gate-Tunable, van der Waals p–n Heterojunctions from Pentacene and MoS 2
journal, December 2015


Fabrication of solid-state nanopores with single-nanometre precision
journal, July 2003


Controllable Atomic Scale Patterning of Freestanding Monolayer Graphene at Elevated Temperature
journal, January 2013


Correlating Atomic Structure and Transport in Suspended Graphene Nanoribbons
journal, June 2014


Controlled Sculpture of Black Phosphorus Nanoribbons
journal, May 2016


Local electrical potential detection of DNA by nanowire–nanopore sensors
journal, December 2011


Detecting the translocation of DNA through a nanopore using graphene nanoribbons
journal, November 2013


Toward Sensitive Graphene Nanoribbon–Nanopore Devices by Preventing Electron Beam-Induced Damage
journal, November 2013


Cross-Talk Between Ionic and Nanoribbon Current Signals in Graphene Nanoribbon-Nanopore Sensors for Single-Molecule Detection
journal, October 2015


In Situ Electronic Characterization of Graphene Nanoconstrictions Fabricated in a Transmission Electron Microscope
journal, December 2011


In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Modulation of Transport in Graphene Nanoribbons
journal, April 2016


Electrical Transport Measured in Atomic Carbon Chains
journal, July 2013


Suspended Solid-state Membranes on Glass Chips with Sub 1-pF Capacitance for Biomolecule Sensing Applications
journal, December 2015


Measurement of DNA Translocation Dynamics in a Solid-State Nanopore at 100 ns Temporal Resolution
journal, June 2016


Electron beam nanosculpting of suspended graphene sheets
journal, September 2008


DNA Translocation through Graphene Nanopores
journal, August 2010


Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane
journal, August 2010


Atomically Thin Molybdenum Disulfide Nanopores with High Sensitivity for DNA Translocation
journal, February 2014


Boron Nitride Nanopores: Highly Sensitive DNA Single-Molecule Detectors
journal, June 2013


Nanopore Fabrication by Controlled Dielectric Breakdown
journal, March 2014


Fabricating nanopores with diameters of sub-1 nm to 3 nm using multilevel pulse-voltage injection
journal, May 2014


Electrical pulse fabrication of graphene nanopores in electrolyte solution
journal, May 2015


Electrochemical Reaction in Single Layer MoS 2 : Nanopores Opened Atom by Atom
journal, April 2015


DNA Translocation in Nanometer Thick Silicon Nanopores
journal, May 2015


Ionic Liquids for Electrolyte-Gating of ZnO Field-Effect Transistors
journal, June 2012


Proximity Effect in Graphene–Topological-Insulator Heterostructures
journal, March 2014


Exciton Mapping at Subwavelength Scales in Two-Dimensional Materials
journal, March 2015


Exciton formation in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, January 2016


Efficient Excitonic Photoluminescence in Direct and Indirect Band Gap Monolayer MoS 2
journal, September 2015


Two-Dimensional Heterojunctions from Nonlocal Manipulations of the Interactions
journal, March 2016


Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, March 2016


High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
journal, July 2014


Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
journal, April 2016


Defects at the Two-Dimensional Limit
journal, July 2015


Point Defects and Grain Boundaries in Rotationally Commensurate MoS 2 on Epitaxial Graphene
journal, March 2016


Probing Out-of-Plane Charge Transport in Black Phosphorus with Graphene-Contacted Vertical Field-Effect Transistors
journal, March 2016


Synthesis of borophenes: Anisotropic, two-dimensional boron polymorphs
journal, December 2015


Direct and Scalable Deposition of Atomically Thin Low-Noise MoS 2 Membranes on Apertures
journal, June 2015


Ultrasharp interfaces grown with Van Der Waals epitaxy
journal, August 1986


Covalently interconnected transition metal dichalcogenide networks via defect engineering for high-performance electronic devices.
text, January 2021


Spin-galvanic effect
text, January 2002


Nanopore Fabrication by Controlled Dielectric Breakdown
text, January 2013


Compliant substrate epitaxy: Au on MoS$_2$
text, January 2015


Pressure-induced commensurate stacking of graphene on boron nitride
text, January 2016


Spintronics: fundamentals and applications
text, January 2004


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n- and p-type ohmic contacts at monolayer gallium nitride–metal interfaces
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Stability limits of elemental 2D metals in graphene pores
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A new paradigm of ultrathin 2D nanomaterial adsorbents in aqueous media: graphene and GO, MoS 2 , MXenes, and 2D MOFs
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Hybrid catalyst with monoclinic MoTe 2 and platinum for efficient hydrogen evolution
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Thermal nonlinear refractive index of graphene based saturable absorber in mode-locked fiber lasers
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Investigation of nickel ammonia phosphate with different morphologies as a new high-efficiency flame retardant for epoxy resin
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Ultrafast transient absorption measurements of photocarrier dynamics in monolayer and bulk ReSe 2
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Nanotip Contacts for Electric Transport and Field Emission Characterization of Ultrathin MoS2 Flakes
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Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS 2 using in situ optical spectroscopy
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Tuning the Electronic and Photonic Properties of Monolayer MoS 2 via In Situ Rhenium Substitutional Doping
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Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E‐Skin and E‐Textile Devices
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A review on nanomaterial-based field effect transistor technology for biomarker detection
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Manufacturing strategies for wafer-scale two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide heterolayers
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Thin 2D: The New Dimensionality in Gas Sensing
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Transport and Field Emission Properties of MoS2 Bilayers
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Probing Interfacial Surface State Excitons in Nanoscale Synthesized Cu x S/MoS 2 Heterostructure
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Hole Injection and Rectifying Heterojunction Photodiodes through Vacancy Engineering in MoS 2
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Recent advances in the nanoengineering of electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction
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Adsorption of gas molecules on a graphitic GaN sheet and its implications for molecule sensors
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Advances of 2D bismuth in energy sciences
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Highly concentrated and stabilizer-free transition-metal dichalcogenide dispersions in low-boiling point solvent for flexible electronics
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Observation of charge transfer in mixed-dimensional heterostructures formed by transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and PbS quantum dots
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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview
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Optical Properties and Photocarrier Dynamics of Bi 2 O 2 Se Monolayer and Nanoplates
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Batch production of 6-inch uniform monolayer molybdenum disulfide catalyzed by sodium in glass
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Electrostatically driven scalable synthesis of MoS 2 –graphene hybrid films assisted by hydrophobins
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Wafer-recyclable, environment-friendly transfer printing for large-scale thin-film nanoelectronics
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The Role of Graphene and Other 2D Materials in Solar Photovoltaics
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Temperature‐induced phonon behavior in titanium disulfide (TiS 2 ) nanosheets
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CMOS-compatible batch processing of monolayer MoS 2 MOSFETs
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Mobility and Decay Dynamics of Charge Carriers in One-Dimensional Selenium van der Waals Solid
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Charge Mobility and Recombination Mechanisms in Tellurium van der Waals Solid
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Probing Exfoliated Graphene Layers and Their Lithiation with Microfocused X-rays
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Batch production of 6-inch uniform monolayer molybdenum disulfide catalyzed by sodium in glass
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Fabrication of Subnanometer-Precision Nanopores in Hexagonal Boron Nitride
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Growth of ‘W’ doped molybdenum disulfide on graphene transferred molybdenum substrate
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  • Dong, Rui; Kuljanishvili, Irma
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena, Vol. 35, Issue 3
  • https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4982736

Transport and Field Emission Properties of MoS2 Bilayers
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Feasible Route for a Large Area Few-Layer MoS2 with Magnetron Sputtering
journal, August 2018


Electronic and Optical Properties of Two-Dimensional Tellurene: From First-Principles Calculations
journal, July 2019