Mechanism of Na accumulation at extended defects in Si from first-principles
Abstract
Sodium (Na) impurities in silicon solar cells are considered to play an important role in potential-induced degradation (PID), a significant cause of solar cell degradation and failure. Shorting due to Na accumulation at extended defects has been suggested as a culprit for PID. However, it is not clear how the extended defects are decorated by Na impurities. Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we find that Na impurities segregate from the bulk into extended defects such as intrinsic stacking faults and Sigma 3 (111) grain boundaries. The energy barrier required for Na to escape from the extended defects is substantial and similar to the sum of the barrier energy in bulk Si (1.1-1.2 eV) and the segregation energy to the stacking fault (~0.7 eV). Surprisingly, the migration barrier for Na diffusion within the extended defects is even higher than the energy barrier for escaping. Furthermore, the results suggest that the extended defects likely accumulate Na as the impurities segregate to the defects from the bulk, rather than because of migration through the extended defects. Published by AIP Publishing.
- Authors:
-
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory, Center for Nanoscale Materials; Argonne National Laboratory, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD); USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1461433
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1416457
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Applied Physics
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 123; Journal Issue: 16; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979
- Publisher:
- American Institute of Physics (AIP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Citation Formats
Park, Ji -Sang, and Chan, Maria K. Y. Mechanism of Na accumulation at extended defects in Si from first-principles. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1063/1.5003385.
Park, Ji -Sang, & Chan, Maria K. Y. Mechanism of Na accumulation at extended defects in Si from first-principles. United States. doi:10.1063/1.5003385.
Park, Ji -Sang, and Chan, Maria K. Y. Wed .
"Mechanism of Na accumulation at extended defects in Si from first-principles". United States. doi:10.1063/1.5003385. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1461433.
@article{osti_1461433,
title = {Mechanism of Na accumulation at extended defects in Si from first-principles},
author = {Park, Ji -Sang and Chan, Maria K. Y.},
abstractNote = {Sodium (Na) impurities in silicon solar cells are considered to play an important role in potential-induced degradation (PID), a significant cause of solar cell degradation and failure. Shorting due to Na accumulation at extended defects has been suggested as a culprit for PID. However, it is not clear how the extended defects are decorated by Na impurities. Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we find that Na impurities segregate from the bulk into extended defects such as intrinsic stacking faults and Sigma 3 (111) grain boundaries. The energy barrier required for Na to escape from the extended defects is substantial and similar to the sum of the barrier energy in bulk Si (1.1-1.2 eV) and the segregation energy to the stacking fault (~0.7 eV). Surprisingly, the migration barrier for Na diffusion within the extended defects is even higher than the energy barrier for escaping. Furthermore, the results suggest that the extended defects likely accumulate Na as the impurities segregate to the defects from the bulk, rather than because of migration through the extended defects. Published by AIP Publishing.},
doi = {10.1063/1.5003385},
journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
issn = {0021-8979},
number = 16,
volume = 123,
place = {United States},
year = {2018},
month = {1}
}
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Cited by: 2 works
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Figures / Tables:
Table 1: Calculated migration energy barrier for interstitial Na in bulk Si. In the HSE calculation, the internal coordinates are fixed. For the ionized defect, the formation energy, not the total energy, was used to calculate the barrier energy.
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