Capacity Fade and Its Mitigation in Li-Ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Electrodes

Bareño, Javier; Shkrob, Ilya A.; Gilbert, James A.; Klett, Matilda; Abraham, Daniel P.

doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06118

Title: Capacity Fade and Its Mitigation in Li-Ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Electrodes

Journal Article · Fri Sep 15 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of Physical Chemistry. C

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06118· OSTI ID:1429859

^[1];

^[1]; Gilbert, James A. ^[1]; Klett, Matilda ^[1];

^[1]

Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States

In this study we scrutinize the causes for capacity fade in lithium-ion cells containing silicongraphite (Si-Gr) blends in the negative electrode and examine approaches for minimizing this fade. The causal mechanisms are inferred from data obtained by electrochemistry, microscopy, spectroscopy and thermogravimetry techniques. The presence of SiOxFy signals in the Si-Gr electrode, LixPOyFz compounds in the electrolyte, and SiO2 species on the NCM523 positive electrode, highlight the crucial role of hydrolytically generated HF, which accelerates the degradation of Si particles. The hydrolysis could result from residual moisture in the current electrode fabrication process, which uses aqueous binders. Water can also be released when silanol groups on the Si nanoparticles react with HF to form Si-F compounds. We note that the primary cause of capacity fade in the full cells is the loss of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) integrity resulting from volume changes in Si particles during electrochemical cycling. Adding fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) to the conventional electrolyte slows capacity fade through the formation of a cross linked polymer with elastomeric properties. Further gains in cell longevity are possible by excluding water during electrode fabrication, using hydrolytically stable lithium salts, and adopting electrolyte systems that provide more elasticity to the SEI layers.

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)

DOE Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1429859

Journal Information:: Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Vol. 121, Issue 38; ISSN 1932-7447

Publisher:: American Chemical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (58)

Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Obrovac, M. N.; Chevrier, V. L. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500207g	journal	October 2014
Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries Park, Cheol-Min; Kim, Jae-Hun; Kim, Hansu Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 39, Issue 8, p. 3115-3141 https://doi.org/10.1039/b919877f	journal	January 2010
Silicon-based materials as high capacity anodes for next generation lithium ion batteries Liang, Bo; Liu, Yanping; Xu, Yunhua Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.096	journal	December 2014
Multiprobe Study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Silicon-Based Electrodes in Full-Cell Configuration Dupré, N.; Moreau, P.; De Vito, E. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04461	journal	April 2016
SEI-component formation on sub 5 nm sized silicon nanoparticles in Li-ion batteries: the role of electrode preparation, FEC addition and binders Jaumann, Tony; Balach, Juan; Klose, Markus Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP03672K	journal	January 2015
Understanding interfacial chemistry and stability for performance improvement and fade of high-energy Li-ion battery of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2//silicon-graphite Nguyen, Dan-Thien; Kang, Joonsup; Nam, Kyoung-Mo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 303 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.089	journal	January 2016
Improved Performances of Nanosilicon Electrodes Using the Salt LiFSI: A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study Philippe, Bertrand; Dedryvère, Rémi; Gorgoi, Mihaela Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403082s	journal	June 2013
Role of the LiPF ₆ Salt for the Long-Term Stability of Silicon Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries – A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study Philippe, Bertrand; Dedryvère, Rémi; Gorgoi, Mihaela Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm303399v	journal	January 2013
Improved Performance of the Silicon Anode for Li-Ion Batteries: Understanding the Surface Modification Mechanism of Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Effective Electrolyte Additive Xu, Chao; Lindgren, Fredrik; Philippe, Bertrand Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00339	journal	March 2015
Nanosilicon Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Interfacial Mechanisms Studied by Hard and Soft X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Philippe, Bertrand; Dedryvère, Rémi; Allouche, Joachim Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm2034195	journal	February 2012
Influence of inactive electrode components on degradation phenomena in nano-Si electrodes for Li-ion batteries Jeschull, Fabian; Lindgren, Fredrik; Lacey, Matthew J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 325 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.059	journal	September 2016
The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Daniel, Claus Carbon, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.008	journal	August 2016
The Effect of Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Additive on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Silicon Lithium-Ion Electrodes Schroder, Kjell; Alvarado, Judith; Yersak, Thomas A. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01627	journal	August 2015
Systematic Investigation of Binders for Silicon Anodes: Interactions of Binder with Silicon Particles and Electrolytes and Effects of Binders on Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Nguyen, Cao Cuong; Yoon, Taeho; Seo, Daniel M. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b03357	journal	May 2016
Solid Electrolyte Interphase Growth and Capacity Loss in Silicon Electrodes Michan, Alison L.; Divitini, Giorgio; Pell, Andrew J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b02882	journal	June 2016
Elucidating the Surface Reactions of an Amorphous Si Thin Film as a Model Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Ferraresi, Giulio; Czornomaz, Lukas; Villevieille, Claire ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10929	journal	October 2016
Hydrolysis in the system LiPF6—propylene carbonate—dimethyl carbonate—H2O Plakhotnyk, Andriy V.; Ernst, Ludger; Schmutzler, Reinhard Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Vol. 126, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.09.027	journal	January 2005
Decomposition of LiPF ₆ in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied with Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Guéguen, Aurélie; Streich, Daniel; He, Minglong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0981606jes	journal	January 2016
Thermal Decomposition of LiPF[sub 6]-Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Campion, Christopher L.; Li, Wentao; Lucht, Brett L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2083267	journal	January 2005
Additives for Stabilizing LiPF[sub 6]-Based Electrolytes Against Thermal Decomposition Li, Wentao; Campion, Christopher; Lucht, Brett L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1926651	journal	January 2005
The Impact of Intentionally Added Water to the Electrolyte of Li-ion Cells: I. Cells with Graphite Negative Electrodes Burns, J. C.; Sinha, N. N.; Jain, Gaurav Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.101311jes	journal	January 2013
Adsorbed Water on Nano-Silicon Powder and Its Effects on Charge and Discharge Characteristics as Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries Yoshida, Shuhei; Masuo, Yuta; Shibata, Daisuke Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.01111701jes	journal	October 2016
Toward Efficient Binders for Li-Ion Battery Si-Based Anodes: Polyacrylic Acid Magasinski, Alexandre; Zdyrko, Bogdan; Kovalenko, Igor ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/am100871y	journal	October 2010
Electrochemical lithiation performance and characterization of silicon–graphite composites with lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium polyacrylate binders Han, Zhen-Ji; Yamagiwa, Kiyofumi; Yabuuchi, Naoaki Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP04939J	journal	January 2015
In Situ Observation and Long-Term Reactivity of Si/C/CMC Composites Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Bridel, J-S.; Azaïs, T.; Morcrette, M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3581024	journal	January 2011
Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Important Component for the Formation of an Effective Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Anodes and Cathodes for Advanced Li-Ion Batteries Markevich, Elena; Salitra, Gregory; Aurbach, Doron ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00163	journal	May 2017
Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) Investigation of the Silicon Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) in Lithium-Ion Batteries Young, Benjamin T.; Heskett, David R.; Nguyen, Cao Cuong ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04845	journal	August 2015
Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate Reduction: Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Additives and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Michan, Alison L.; Parimalam, Bharathy. S.; Leskes, Michal Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02282	journal	November 2016
Performance of Full Cells Containing Carbonate-Based LiFSI Electrolytes and Silicon-Graphite Negative Electrodes Trask, Stephen E.; Pupek, Krzysztof Z.; Gilbert, James A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0981602jes	journal	December 2015
Layered Oxide, Graphite and Silicon-Graphite Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Cells: Effect of Electrolyte Composition and Cycling Windows Klett, Matilda; Gilbert, James A.; Pupek, Krzysztof Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0131701jes	journal	October 2016
Electrode Behavior RE-Visited: Monitoring Potential Windows, Capacity Loss, and Impedance Changes in Li _1.03 (Ni _0.5 Co _0.2 Mn _0.3 ) _0.97 O ₂ /Silicon-Graphite Full Cells Klett, Matilda; Gilbert, James A.; Trask, Stephen E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271606jes	journal	January 2016
Experimental determination of attenuation lengths of photo- and augerelectrons in silicon dioxide and in silicon nitride in the energy range 500 eV < Ekin < 3100 eV Ebel, M. F.; Ebel, H.; Hofmann, A. Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 22, Issue 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.740220114	journal	July 1994
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra Louette, Pierre; Bodino, Frederic; Pireaux, Jean-Jacques Surface Science Spectra, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/11.20050905	journal	December 2005
Syntheses and Characterization of Lithium Alkyl Mono- and Dicarbonates as Components of Surface Films in Li-Ion Batteries Xu, Kang; Zhuang, Guorong V.; Allen, Jan L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0601522	journal	March 2006
Lithium Ethylene Dicarbonate Identified as the Primary Product of Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction of EC in 1.2 M LiPF ₆ /EC:EMC Electrolyte Zhuang, Guorong V.; Xu, Kang; Yang, Hui The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052474w	journal	September 2005
Impact of Selected LiPF ₆ Hydrolysis Products on the High Voltage Stability of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Wagner, Ralf; Korth, Martin; Streipert, Benjamin ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b09164	journal	November 2016
Voltage Dependent Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Silicon Electrodes: Monitoring the Formation of Organic Decomposition Products Michan, Alison L.; Leskes, Michal; Grey, Clare P. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04408	journal	December 2015
Cycling Behavior of NCM523/Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells in the 3–4.4 V Range: Diagnostic Studies of Full Cells and Harvested Electrodes Gilbert, James A.; Bareño, Javier; Spila, Timothy Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0081701jes	journal	September 2016
Hydration of poly(acrylic acid) lithium salts Hiraoka, Kyoko; Yokoyama, Tetsuo Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00291961	journal	January 1980
Hydration of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salts Hiraoka, Kyoko; Yokoyama, Tetsuo Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00254582	journal	February 1980
Hydration of poly(acrylic acid) potassium salts Hiraoka, Kyoko; Gotanda, Masatoshi; Yokoyama, Tetsuo Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00263035	journal	May 1980
Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 2—Sodium and potassium salts McNeill, I. C.; Sadeghi, S. M. T. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(90)90077-K	journal	January 1990
Thermal properties of polyacrylic acid Kabanov, V. P.; Dubnitskaya, V. A.; Khar'kov, S. N. Polymer Science U.S.S.R., Vol. 17, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(75)90195-1	journal	January 1975
Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1—Poly(acrylic acid) McNeill, I. C.; Sadeghi, S. M. T. Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(90)90034-5	journal	January 1990
Long-Term Lithium-Ion Battery Performance Improvement via Ultraviolet Light Treatment of the Graphite Anode An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Sheng, Yangping Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0171614jes	journal	January 2016
A Novel Fluoride Process for Producing TiO2 from Titaniferous Ore Pong, Teresa K.; Besida, John; O'Donnell, Thomas A. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a033	journal	January 1995
Lithium-Ion Batteries Working at 85°C: Aging Phenomena and Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces Studied by XPS Bodenes, Lucille; Dedryvère, Rémi; Martinez, Hervé Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.061210jes	journal	January 2012
A High Precision Coulometry Study of the SEI Growth in Li/Graphite Cells Smith, A. J.; Burns, J. C.; Zhao, Xuemei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3557892	journal	January 2011
Theory of SEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries: Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction Pinson, Matthew B.; Bazant, Martin Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.044302jes	journal	December 2012
Aging mechanism in Li ion cells and calendar life predictions Broussely, M.; Herreyre, S.; Biensan, P. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 97-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00722-4	journal	July 2001
Solvent Diffusion Model for Aging of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Ploehn, Harry J.; Ramadass, Premanand; White, Ralph E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1644601	journal	January 2004
What Makes Fluoroethylene Carbonate Different? Shkrob, Ilya A.; Wishart, James F.; Abraham, Daniel P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03591	journal	June 2015
Reduction of Carbonate Electrolytes and the Formation of Solid-Electrolyte Interface (SEI) in Lithium-Ion Batteries. 2. Radiolytically Induced Polymerization of Ethylene Carbonate Shkrob, Ilya A.; Zhu, Ye; Marin, Timothy W. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 38, p. 19270-19279 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp406273p	journal	September 2013
Reduction of Carbonate Electrolytes and the Formation of Solid-Electrolyte Interface (SEI) in Lithium-Ion Batteries. 1. Spectroscopic Observations of Radical Intermediates Generated in One-Electron Reduction of Carbonates Shkrob, Ilya A.; Zhu, Ye; Marin, Timothy W. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 38, p. 19255-19269 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp406274e	journal	September 2013
Allotropic Control: How Certain Fluorinated Carbonate Electrolytes Protect Aluminum Current Collectors by Promoting the Formation of Insoluble Coordination Polymers Shkrob, Ilya A.; Pupek, Krzysztof Z.; Abraham, Daniel P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b05241	journal	August 2016
On the Electrochemical Behavior of Aluminum Electrodes in Nonaqueous Electrolyte Solutions of Lithium Salts Markovsky, Boris; Amalraj, Francis; Gottlieb, Hugo E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3294774	journal	January 2010
Aluminum Corrosion in Lithium Batteries An Investigation Using the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Yang, Haesik; Kwon, Kyungjung; Devine, Thomas M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1394077	journal	January 2000
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10, p. 4303-4418 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g	journal	October 2004

Cited By (8)

Lithium ion car batteries: Present analysis and future predictions Arambarri, James; Hayden, James; Elkurdy, Mostafa Environmental Engineering Research, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2018.383	journal	February 2019
Integration of Graphite and Silicon Anodes for the Commercialization of High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries Chae, Sujong; Choi, Seong‐Hyeon; Kim, Namhyung Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201902085	journal	January 2020
Resistance Growth in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with LiNi _0.80 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ Positive Electrodes and Proposed Mechanism for Voltage Dependent Charge-Transfer Resistance Weber, Rochelle; Louli, A. J.; Plucknett, K. P. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0361910jes	journal	January 2019
Graphit‐ und‐Silicium‐Anoden für Lithiumionen‐ Hochenergiebatterien Chae, Sujong; Choi, Seong‐Hyeon; Kim, Namhyung Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201902085	journal	October 2019
Rapid coating of asphalt to prepare carbon-encapsulated composites of nano-silicon and graphite for lithium battery anodes Liu, Wenping; Xu, Huarui; Qin, Haiqing Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 55, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04313-x	journal	December 2019
Dopamine-grafted heparin as an additive to the commercialized carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene-butadiene rubber binder for practical use of SiOx/graphite composite anode Lee, Kukjoo; Lim, Sanghyun; Go, Nakgyu Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29705-y	journal	July 2018
Operando Quantification of (De)Lithiation Behavior of Silicon-Graphite Blended Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Yao, Koffi P. C.; Okasinski, John S.; Kalaga, Kaushik Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803380	journal	January 2019
Revealing the Role of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Binder in Si/Graphite Composite Anode for Li-Ion Batteries Zhao, Xiuyun; Niketic, Svetlana; Yim, Chae-Ho ACS Omega, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01388	journal	September 2018

Similar Records

Capacity Fade and Its Mitigation in Li-Ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Electrodes

Journal Article · Wed Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of Physical Chemistry. C · OSTI ID:1429859

Bareno, Javier; Shkrob, Ilya A.; Gilbert, James A.; +2 more

Evaluating temperature dependent degradation mechanisms of silicon-graphite electrodes and the effect of fluoroethylene carbonate electrolyte additive

Journal Article · Wed Oct 20 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Electrochimica Acta · OSTI ID:1429859

Ha, Yeyoung; Finegan, Donal P.; Colclasure, Andrew M.; +2 more

Layered oxide, graphite and silicon-graphite electrodes for Lithium-ion cells: Effect of electrolyte composition and cycling windows

Journal Article · Fri Oct 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1429859

Klett, Matilda; Gilbert, James A.; Pupek, Krzysztof Z.; +2 more

Related Subjects

LiPF6 hydrolysis
TGA
XPS
fluoroethylene carbonate
fluorophosphates
polyacrylate binders

Title: Capacity Fade and Its Mitigation in Li-Ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Electrodes

Citation Formats

References (58)

Cited By (8)

Similar Records

Related Subjects