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Title: Pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray FEL using semi-transparent diamond detectors

Abstract

Solid-state ionization chambers are presented based on thin diamond crystals that allow pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), up to the 4.5 MHz repetition rate that will become available at the European XFEL. Due to the small X-ray absorption of diamond the thin detectors are semi-transparent which eases their use as non-invasive monitoring devices in the beam. FELs are characterized by strong pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations due to the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process and in many experiments it is mandatory to monitor the intensity of each individual pulse. Two diamond detectors with different electrode materials, beryllium and graphite, were tested as intensity monitors at the XCS endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) using the pink SASE beam at 9 keV. The performance is compared with LCLS standard monitors that detect X-rays backscattered from thin SiN foils placed in the beam. In conclusion, the graphite detector can also be used as a beam position monitor although with rather coarse resolution.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [6];  [2];  [2]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld (Germany); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (France)
  2. European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, Schenefeld (Germany)
  3. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
  4. Micron Semiconductors Ltd., Lancing (United Kingdom)
  5. Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Univ., Kalinigrad (Russian Federation)
  6. Univ. Augsburg, Augsburg (Germany)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1417650
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 25; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1600-5775
Publisher:
International Union of Crystallography
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; XFEL; diamond detector; X-ray intensity measurement

Citation Formats

Roth, Thomas, Freund, Wolfgang, Boesenberg, Ulrike, Carini, Gabriella, Song, Sanghoon, Lefeuvre, Gwenaelle, Goikhman, Alexander, Fischer, Martin, Schreck, Matthias, Grunert, Jan, and Madsen, Anders. Pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray FEL using semi-transparent diamond detectors. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1107/S1600577517015016.
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Roth, Thomas, Freund, Wolfgang, Boesenberg, Ulrike, Carini, Gabriella, Song, Sanghoon, Lefeuvre, Gwenaelle, Goikhman, Alexander, Fischer, Martin, Schreck, Matthias, Grunert, Jan, & Madsen, Anders. Pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray FEL using semi-transparent diamond detectors. United States. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577517015016
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Roth, Thomas, Freund, Wolfgang, Boesenberg, Ulrike, Carini, Gabriella, Song, Sanghoon, Lefeuvre, Gwenaelle, Goikhman, Alexander, Fischer, Martin, Schreck, Matthias, Grunert, Jan, and Madsen, Anders. 2018. "Pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray FEL using semi-transparent diamond detectors". United States. https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577517015016. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1417650.
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@article{osti_1417650,
title = {Pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray FEL using semi-transparent diamond detectors},
author = {Roth, Thomas and Freund, Wolfgang and Boesenberg, Ulrike and Carini, Gabriella and Song, Sanghoon and Lefeuvre, Gwenaelle and Goikhman, Alexander and Fischer, Martin and Schreck, Matthias and Grunert, Jan and Madsen, Anders},
abstractNote = {Solid-state ionization chambers are presented based on thin diamond crystals that allow pulse-resolved intensity measurements at a hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), up to the 4.5 MHz repetition rate that will become available at the European XFEL. Due to the small X-ray absorption of diamond the thin detectors are semi-transparent which eases their use as non-invasive monitoring devices in the beam. FELs are characterized by strong pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations due to the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) process and in many experiments it is mandatory to monitor the intensity of each individual pulse. Two diamond detectors with different electrode materials, beryllium and graphite, were tested as intensity monitors at the XCS endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) using the pink SASE beam at 9 keV. The performance is compared with LCLS standard monitors that detect X-rays backscattered from thin SiN foils placed in the beam. In conclusion, the graphite detector can also be used as a beam position monitor although with rather coarse resolution.},
doi = {10.1107/S1600577517015016},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1417650}, journal = {Journal of Synchrotron Radiation (Online)},
issn = {1600-5775},
number = 1,
volume = 25,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2018},
month = {Mon Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2018}
}
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Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577517015016
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Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 9 works
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: Top: absorption in Si and diamond as a function of photon energy. Bottom: energy deposited per atom and per pulse for different materials, calculated for a detector placed 30 cm upstream of the sample position at the MID station of the European XFEL in a pink SASE beam.more » The beam size is calculated assuming one of the standard focusing schemes available at MID (collimated, then focused) (Madsen et al., 2013). The ablation (graphitization) threshold is at approximately 1 ev (0.7 ev) absorbed energy per atom and per pulse. The step at around 8 keV comes from different operation modes at the European XFEL.« less
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Works referenced in this record:

The X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source
journal, April 2015

The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser: toward an ultra-bright, high repetition-rate x-ray source
journal, January 2015

Fast synchrotron and FEL beam monitors based on single-crystal diamond detectors and InGaAs/InAlAs quantum well devices
journal, December 2013

  • Antonelli, M.; Di Fraia, M.; Carrato, S.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 730
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.047

Collective instabilities and high-gain regime in a free electron laser
journal, July 1984

Diamond detectors for synchrotron radiation X-ray applications
journal, July 2007

Ultra-thin optical grade scCVD diamond as X-ray beam position monitor
journal, October 2014

Demonstration of Diamond-Based Schottky p-i-n Diode With Blocking Voltage > 500 V
journal, September 2016

A single-shot intensity-position monitor for hard x-ray FEL sources
conference, September 2011

CVD diamond metallization and characterization
journal, February 2017

  • Fraimovitch, D.; Adelberd, A.; Marunko, S.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 845
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.097

Transmissive x-ray beam position monitors with submicron position- and submillisecond time resolution
journal, June 2008

Photon energy dependence of graphitization threshold for diamond irradiated with an intense XUV FEL pulse
journal, August 2013

Measurement of x-ray free-electron-laser pulse energies by photoluminescence in nitrogen gas
journal, March 2008

Damage threshold of inorganic solids under free-electron-laser irradiation at 32.5nm wavelength
journal, April 2007

Diode readout electronics for beam intensity and position monitors for FELs
journal, March 2014

High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond
journal, September 2002

Graphitization of diamond by ion impact: Fundamentals and applications
journal, December 1995

Single crystal diamond photodiode for soft X-ray radiometry
journal, July 2009

  • Keister, Jeffrey W.; Smedley, John
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 606, Issue 3
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.04.044

Diamond X-ray photodiode for white and monochromatic SR beams
journal, September 2011

  • Keister, Jeffrey W.; Smedley, John; Muller, Erik M.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 649, Issue 1
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.135

Diamond detectors with laser induced surface graphite electrodes
journal, November 2016

  • Komlenok, M.; Bolshakov, A.; Ralchenko, V.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 837
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.09.019

Investigation of ablation thresholds of optical materials using 1-µm-focusing beam at hard X-ray free electron laser
journal, January 2013

Damage study of optical substrates using 1-μm-focusing beam of hard X-ray free-electron laser
journal, October 2013

A photodiode amplifier system for pulse-by-pulse intensity measurement of an x-ray free electron laser
journal, April 2012

Computational simulations of high-intensity x-ray matter interaction
conference, December 2001

  • London, Richard A.; Bionta, Richard M.; Tatchyn, Roman O.
  • International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, SPIE Proceedings
  • https://doi.org/10.1117/12.452958

Nonthermal graphitization of diamond induced by a femtosecond x-ray laser pulse
journal, December 2013

Nonthermal phase transitions in semiconductors induced by a femtosecond extreme ultraviolet laser pulse
journal, January 2013

Thermal and nonthermal melting of silicon under femtosecond x-ray irradiation
journal, February 2015

Single crystal CVD diamond as an X-ray beam monitor
journal, April 2007

Diamond X-ray beam-position monitoring using signal readout at the synchrotron radiofrequency
journal, May 2010

Development of single-crystal CVD-diamond detectors for spectroscopy and timing
journal, September 2006

Characterisation of single crystal CVD diamond particle detectors for hadron physics experiments
journal, September 2005

Charge transport properties of single crystal CVD-diamond particle detectors
journal, April 2007

The X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source
journal, March 2013

High-performance diamond radiation detectors produced by lift-off method
journal, March 2016

Efficiency of dislocation density reduction during heteroepitaxial growth of diamond for detector applications
journal, October 2013

Soft x-ray induced femtosecond solid-to-solid phase transition
journal, September 2017

Electric Field Breakdown of Lateral Schottky Diodes of Diamond
journal, February 2007

Gas detectors for x-ray lasers
journal, May 2008

Single-shot beam-position monitor for x-ray free electron laser
journal, February 2011

Diamond as an electronic material
journal, January 2008

Pixelated transmission-mode diamond X-ray detector
journal, September 2015

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Thermomechanical response of thickly tamped targets and diamond anvil cells under pulsed hard x-ray irradiation
    journal, May 2020

    Pulse power measurements and attenuator characterization of the hard X-ray beamline at the Linac Coherent Light Source
    conference, May 2019

    • Song, Sanghoon; Alonso-Mori, Roberto; Chollet, Matthieu
    • X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers: Advances in Source Development and Instrumentation V
    • https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520827

    X-ray photon diagnostics at the European XFEL
    text, January 2019

    Pulse power measurements and attenuator characterization of the hard X-ray beamline at the Linac Coherent Light Source
    text, January 2019

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      Figures / Tables found in this record:

      Figure 1(p. 2)figure
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      Figure 5(p. 5)figure
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      Figure 8(p. 7)figure
      Figure 10(p. 9)figure
      Figure 9(p. 9)figure
      Figure 11(p. 10)figure
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