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Title: Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A

Journal Article · · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)
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On 2017 August 17, the gravitational-wave event GW170817 was observed by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, and the gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 170817A was observed independently by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory. The probability of the near-simultaneous temporal and spatial observation of GRB 170817A and GW170817 occurring by chance is $$5.0\times {10}^{-8}$$. We therefore confirm binary neutron star mergers as a progenitor of short GRBs. The association of GW170817 and GRB 170817A provides new insight into fundamental physics and the origin of short GRBs. We use the observed time delay of $$(+1.74\pm 0.05)\,{\rm{s}}$$ between GRB 170817A and GW170817 to: (i) constrain the difference between the speed of gravity and the speed of light to be between $$-3\times {10}^{-15}$$ and $$+7\times {10}^{-16}$$ times the speed of light, (ii) place new bounds on the violation of Lorentz invariance, (iii) present a new test of the equivalence principle by constraining the Shapiro delay between gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. We also use the time delay to constrain the size and bulk Lorentz factor of the region emitting the gamma-rays. GRB 170817A is the closest short GRB with a known distance, but is between 2 and 6 orders of magnitude less energetic than other bursts with measured redshift. A new generation of gamma-ray detectors, and subthreshold searches in existing detectors, will be essential to detect similar short bursts at greater distances. Finally, we predict a joint detection rate for the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors of 0.1–1.4 per year during the 2018–2019 observing run and 0.3–1.7 per year at design sensitivity.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE; National Science Foundation (NSF)
Contributing Organization:
LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, and INTEGRAL
Grant/Contract Number:
AC52-06NA25396
OSTI ID:
1416313
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-17-29424; TRN: US1800916
Journal Information:
The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online), Vol. 848, Issue 2; ISSN 2041-8213
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 1095 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817 journal April 2020
The MEGaN project II. Gravitational waves from intermediate-mass and binary black holes around a supermassive black hole journal November 2018
Serendipitous discoveries of kilonovae in the LSST main survey: maximizing detections of sub-threshold gravitational wave events journal February 2019
Black hole solutions in shift-symmetric degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories journal August 2019
Cooling binary neutron star remnants via nucleon-nucleon-axion bremsstrahlung journal October 2019
Testing gravity with gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers: Contributions from amplitude corrections journal November 2019
Constraints on quasidilaton massive gravity journal December 2019
Uniformly rotating, axisymmetric, and triaxial quark stars in general relativity journal January 2018
Vector disformal transformation of cosmological perturbations journal March 2018
Brane-world extra dimensions in light of GW170817 journal March 2018
Generalized framework for testing gravity with gravitational-wave propagation. I. Formulation journal May 2018
Signals for Lorentz violation in gravitational waves journal May 2019
GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State journal October 2018
Testing weak equivalence principle with strongly lensed cosmic transients journal August 2018
Constraints on scalar–tensor theory of gravity by the recent observational results on gravitational waves journal September 2018
Gravitational-wave astrophysics from neutron star inspiral and coalescence journal August 2018
Constraining values of bag constant for strange star candidates journal October 2019
Testing dispersion of gravitational waves from eccentric extreme-mass-ratio inspirals journal November 2019
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA text January 2020
Unbiased Long-Term Monitoring at TeV Energies text January 2019
On the Magnetar Origin of the GRBs Presenting X-Ray Afterglow Plateaus journal December 2018
Pre-merger Electromagnetic Counterparts of Binary Compact Stars journal November 2018
A Universal Relation between the Gamma-Ray Luminosity and Power of Relativistic Outflows journal March 2019
Fermi -GBM GRBs with Characteristics Similar to GRB 170817A journal May 2019
Cooling Timescale for Protoneutron Stars and Properties of Nuclear Matter: Effective Mass and Symmetry Energy at High Densities journal June 2019
Origin of the CEMP-no Group Morphology in the Milky Way journal June 2019
Impact of High Spins on the Ejection of Mass in GW170817 journal October 2019
A Pulsar Wind Nebula Embedded in the Kilonova AT 2017gfo Associated with GW170817/GRB 170817A journal October 2019
Multivariate Analysis of BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Properties Using Skewed Distributions journal December 2019
Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817 journal December 2017
GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations journal January 2018
Inverse Compton Scattered Merger-nova: Late X-Ray Counterpart of Gravitational-wave Signals from NS–NS/BH Mergers journal January 2018
Hidden-sector Spectroscopy with Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Stars journal April 2018
A Decline in the X-Ray through Radio Emission from GW170817 Continues to Support an Off-axis Structured Jet journal August 2018
Fermi GBM Observations of GRB 150101B: A Second Nearby Event with a Short Hard Spike and a Soft Tail journal August 2018
Charged Compact Binary Coalescence Signal and Electromagnetic Counterpart of Plunging Black Hole–Neutron Star Mergers journal March 2019
Prospects for Gravitational Wave Measurement of ZTF J1539+5027 journal August 2019
Can Kilonova Light Curves Be Standardized? journal November 2019
Does Gravity Fall Down? Evidence for Gravitational-wave Deflection along the Line of Sight to GW170817 journal February 2020
Gravitational wave observations and future detectors journal August 2019
Multi-messenger astrophysics journal October 2019
Interpreting GRB170817A as a giant flare from a jet-less double neutron star merger journal November 2018
Massive runaway and walkaway stars: A study of the kinematical imprints of the physical processes governing the evolution and explosion of their binary progenitors⋆ journal April 2019
What do we learn about vector interactions from GW170817? journal February 2019
Numerical relativity of compact binaries in the 21st century journal November 2018
Strong gravitational lensing of explosive transients journal November 2019
Limits on the number of spacetime dimensions from GW170817 journal July 2018
Phenomenology in type-I minimally modified gravity journal January 2019
Inherently stable effective field theory for dark energy and modified gravity journal January 2019
Testing modified gravity at cosmological distances with LISA standard sirens journal July 2019
Listening to the sound of dark sector interactions with gravitational wave standard sirens journal July 2019
Optimizing searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave triggers journal April 2018
Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters and their role in gravitational-wave generation III: dissecting black hole dynamics journal September 2018
An unusual transient following the short GRB 071227 journal July 2019
The role of magnetic field geometry in the evolution of neutron star merger accretion discs journal September 2019
Beyond second-order convergence in simulations of magnetized binary neutron stars with realistic microphysics journal October 2019
Statistical properties of magnetar bursts and FRB 121102 journal November 2019
Gravitational waves from neutron stars and asteroseismology journal April 2018
Lorentz violation and Sagnac gyroscopes journal September 2019
Constraints on higher curvature gravity from time delay between GW170817 and GRB 170817A journal October 2019
Gravitational waves from newborn accreting millisecond magnetars journal December 2019
Waveform of gravitational waves in the general parity-violating gravities journal January 2020
Relativistic stars in a cubic Galileon universe journal January 2020
Constraints on Born-Infeld gravity from the speed of gravitational waves after GW170817 and GRB 170817A journal April 2018
Gravitational-wave luminosity distance in modified gravity theories journal May 2018
Infrared modified gravity with propagating torsion: Instability of torsionfull de Sitter-like solutions journal June 2018
Post-Newtonian spin-tidal couplings for compact binaries journal November 2018
Detecting Lorentz Violations with Gravitational Waves From Black Hole Binaries journal January 2018
Photospheric Emission from Variable Engine Gamma ray Burst Simulations text January 2018
Expected neutrino fluence from short Gamma-Ray Burst 170817A and off-axis angle constraints text January 2018
Neutron Star Mergers: Probing the EoS of Hot, Dense Matter by Gravitational Waves journal January 2019
The Polarizations of Gravitational Waves journal August 2018
The Effective Field Theory of Dark Energy Diagnostic of Linear Horndeski Theories After GW170817 and GRB170817A journal June 2019
Nucleosynthesis and Kilonovae from Strange Star Mergers journal June 2019
On the Rate and on the Gravitational Wave Emission of Short and Long GRBs journal May 2018
Jet Dynamics in Compact Object Mergers: GW170817 Likely Had a Successful Jet journal October 2018
Multiple Components in the Broadband γ -Ray Emission of the Short GRB 160709A journal May 2019
Low-latency Gravitational-wave Alerts for Multimessenger Astronomy during the Second Advanced LIGO and Virgo Observing Run journal April 2019
Search for Gravitational Waves from a Long-lived Remnant of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 journal April 2019
Constraining the Neutron Star Radius with Joint Gravitational-wave and Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations of Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescing Binaries journal May 2019
Toward Rate Estimation for Transient Surveys. I. Assessing Transient Detectability and Volume Sensitivity for iPTF journal August 2019
Numerical Simulations of an Initially Top-hat Jet and the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB170817A journal September 2019
Characteristics and Performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Calorimeter for Gamma-Ray Observations journal September 2018
The Orbit of GW170817 Was Inclined by Less Than 28° to the Line of Sight journal January 2018
Electromagnetic Emission Post Spinning Black Hole Magnetized Neutron Star Mergers journal September 2019
On the Possibility of GW190425 Being a Black Hole–Neutron Star Binary Merger journal February 2020
GW170817: The key to the door of multi-messenger astronomy including gravitational waves journal February 2018
Neutron star mergers in the context of the hadron–quark phase transition journal August 2018
A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817 journal December 2017
The new frontier of gravitational waves journal April 2019
A combined Compton and coded-aperture telescope for medium-energy gamma-ray astrophysics journal June 2018
The host galaxy of the short GRB 111117A at z = 2.211: Impact on the short GRB redshift distribution and progenitor channels journal August 2018
On-axis view of GRB 170817A journal July 2019
Dynamical systems analysis of the cubic galileon beyond the exponential potential and the cosmological analogue of the vDVZ discontinuity journal June 2018
Equivalence principle on cosmological backgrounds in scalar–tensor theories journal October 2019
Hairy rotating black holes in cubic Galileon theory journal January 2020
Equations of state for astrophysical simulations from generalized relativistic density functionals journal September 2018
Possible role of magnetic reconnection in the electromagnetic counterpart of binary black hole merger journal April 2018
The well-tempered cosmological constant journal July 2018
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS). Science Case and Survey Design journal January 2020
Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources journal December 2017
GRB 170817A as a jet counterpart to gravitational wave triggerGW 170817 journal May 2018
The impact of electron-capture supernovae on merging double neutron stars journal October 2018
An interacting dark sector and the implications of the first gravitational-wave standard siren detection on current constraints journal May 2019
Merging black holes in young star clusters journal May 2019
Black hole and neutron star mergers in galactic nuclei: the role of triples journal July 2019
Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts journal September 2019
Spin dynamics of a millisecond pulsar orbiting closely around a massive black hole journal February 2019
Using negative-latency gravitational wave alerts to detect prompt radio bursts from binary neutron star mergers with the Murchison Widefield Array journal August 2019
Are fast radio bursts the most likely electromagnetic counterpart of neutron star mergers resulting in prompt collapse? journal August 2019
Cosmological constraints and phenomenology of a beyond-Horndeski model journal September 2019
Modified gravitational-wave propagation and standard sirens journal July 2018
Galileon and generalized Galileon with projective invariance in a metric-affine formalism journal August 2018
Self-gravitating magnetized tori around black holes in general relativity journal May 2019
Gravitational waves in F ( R ) gravity: Scalar waves and the chameleon mechanism journal June 2019
Constraining the p -Mode– g -Mode Tidal Instability with GW170817 journal February 2019
The description of gravitational waves in geometric scalar gravity journal August 2019
Canonical transformation path to gauge theories of gravity-II: Space-time coupling of spin-0 and spin-1 particle fields journal February 2019
Is Extraterrestrial Life Suppressed on Subsurface Ocean Worlds due to the Paucity of Bioessential Elements? journal September 2018
A Magnetar Origin for the Kilonova Ejecta in GW170817 journal March 2018
Analysis of Sub-threshold Short Gamma-Ray Bursts in Fermi GBM Data journal August 2018
Search for GeV Gamma-Ray Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events by CALET journal August 2018
Limits on Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational-wave-detected Binary Black Hole Mergers journal April 2019
Double Neutron Star Mergers from Hierarchical Triple-star Systems journal September 2019
A Deep Targeted Search for Fast Radio Bursts from the Sites of Low-redshift Short Gamma-Ray Bursts journal December 2019
Fading of the X-Ray Afterglow of Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB 170817A at 260 Days journal July 2018
Tests of general relativity with the binary black hole signals from the LIGO-Virgo catalog GWTC-1 text January 2019
The astrophysics of nanohertz gravitational waves journal June 2019
An independent search of gravitational waves in the first observation run of advanced LIGO using cross-correlation journal May 2019
Discovery of a kilonova and prospects for future hunts journal January 2019
Kilonovae journal December 2019
A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star merger journal April 2019
A massive white-dwarf merger product before final collapse journal May 2019
The gravitational wave stress–energy (pseudo)-tensor in modified gravity journal February 2018
Well-posed Cauchy formulation for Einstein-æther theory journal July 2019
The impact of the crust equation of state on the analysis of GW170817 journal December 2019
Constraining the range of Yukawa gravity interaction from S2 star orbits III: improvement expectations for graviton mass bounds journal April 2018
Gravitational waves from global cosmic strings in quintessential inflation journal February 2019
Long-lived remnants from binary neutron star mergers journal September 2018
Towards asteroseismology of core-collapse supernovae with gravitational wave observations – II. Inclusion of space–time perturbations journal October 2018
The host galaxies of double compact objects across cosmic time journal September 2019
Neutron star collapse and gravitational waves with a non-convex equation of state journal January 2019
Non-thermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modelling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution journal February 2019
Joint gravitational wave – gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817 journal February 2019
Testing the multipole structure and conservative dynamics of compact binaries using gravitational wave observations: The spinning case journal August 2019
Shadows and deflection angle of charged and slowly rotating black holes in Einstein-Æther theory journal August 2019
Stability conditions in the generalized S U ( 2 ) Proca theory journal October 2019
Cosmological attractors to general relativity and spontaneous scalarization with disformal coupling journal November 2019
Time delay of timelike particles in gravitational lensing of the Schwarzschild spacetime journal December 2019
Horndeski dark matter and beyond journal June 2018
Homogeneous Gödel-type solutions in hybrid metric-Palatini gravity journal July 2018
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA other January 2020
A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant.
  • Collaboration, LIGO Scientific; Collaboration,, 1m2h; Collaboration, Dark Energy Camera GW-EM
  • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.31821
text January 2017
Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies text January 2018
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR text January 2019
LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817 text January 2020
Rotating Quark Stars in General Relativity journal March 2018
The Merger of Two Compact Stars: A Tool for Dense Matter Nuclear Physics journal March 2018
Gauss–Bonnet Inflation and the String Swampland journal September 2019
Continuous Gravitational Waves from Neutron Stars: Current Status and Prospects journal October 2019
Constraints on Short, Hard Gamma-Ray Burst Beaming Angles from Gravitational Wave Observations journal May 2018
Shock Acceleration of Electrons and Synchrotron Emission from the Dynamical Ejecta of Neutron Star Mergers journal May 2018
Optimized Radio Follow-up of Binary Neutron-star Mergers journal November 2018
A New AGILE MCAL Configuration to Detect Gamma-Ray Bursts and Sub-threshold Events in the Multimessenger Era journal January 2019
Improved Fermi -GBM GRB Localizations Using BALROG journal March 2019
Comparing Treatments of Weak Reactions with Nuclei in Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae journal February 2019
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications journal December 2017
Phenomenologically viable gravitational theory based on a preferred foliation without extra modes journal October 2019
Overview to the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) Satellite journal February 2020
Optimising growth of structure constraints on modified gravity journal June 2019
The late inspiral of supermassive black hole binaries with circumbinary gas discs in the LISA band journal February 2018
Spectral puzzle of the off-axis gamma-ray burst in GW170817 journal June 2019
Gravitational-wave follow-up with CTA after the detection of GRBs in the TeV energy domain journal October 2019
Update on testing the isotropy of the properties of gamma-ray bursts journal April 2019
High-energy astrophysics and the search for sources of gravitational waves journal April 2018
Waveform systematics for binary neutron star gravitational wave signals: Effects of spin, precession, and the observation of electromagnetic counterparts journal July 2019
Constraining extra gravitational wave polarizations with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo, and KAGRA and upper bounds from GW170817 journal September 2019
Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: Rotation of polarization plane journal September 2019
Testing the gravitational weak equivalence principle in the standard model extension with binary pulsars journal April 2019
Properties of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 text January 2019
Multi-Messenger Physics With the Pierre Auger Observatory text January 2019
Turbulence in Magnetized Pair Plasmas journal October 2018
Multi-messenger Extended Emission from the Compact Remnant in GW170817 journal April 2019
Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova text January 2017
Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817 text January 2017
Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources text January 2017
Brightening X-ray Emission from GW170817/GRB170817A: Further Evidence for an Outflow text January 2017
Coincident detection significance in multimessenger astronomy text January 2017
Effects of Fall-Back Accretion on Proto-Magnetar Outflows in Gamma-Ray Bursts and Superluminous Supernovae text January 2018
Speed of gravitational waves and black hole hair text January 2018
Optimizing searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave triggers text January 2018
Photospheric Emission From Variable Engine Gamma Ray Burst Simulations text January 2018
The progenitors of compact-object binaries: impact of metallicity, common envelope and natal kicks text January 2018
Phenomenology in type-I minimally modified gravity text January 2018
Gravitational waves from global cosmic strings in quintessential inflation text January 2018
Testing General Relativity with the Doppler magnification effect text January 2018
Exploring the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors to neutron star physics text January 2019
Improved Fermi-GBM GRB localizations using BALROG text January 2019
A magnetar-powered X-ray transient as the aftermath of a binary neutron-star merger text January 2019
Impact of Pulsar and Fallback Sources on Multifrequency Kilonova Models text January 2019
Inspiralling eccentric binary neutron stars: orbital motion and tidal resonance text January 2019
Cooling timescale for protoneutron stars and properties of nuclear matter: Effective mass and symmetry energy at high densities text January 2019
Role of crustal physics in the tidal deformation of a neutron star text January 2019
Statistical Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts with a Plateau Phase in the X-ray Afterglow text January 2019
Cosmological constraints and phenomenology of a beyond-Horndeski model text January 2019
Multi-band gravitational wave tests of general relativity text January 2019
Limitations on Standard Sirens tests of gravity from screening text January 2019
Simulating Binary Neutron Stars with Hybrid Equation of States: Gravitational Waves, Electromagnetic Signatures, and Challenges for Numerical Relativity text January 2019
Implications of the search for optical counterparts during the first six months of the Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run: possible limits on the ejecta mass and binary properties text January 2019
Upscattered Cocoon Emission in Short Gamma-ray Bursts as High-energy Gamma-ray Counterparts to Gravitational Waves text January 2019
Statistical properties magnetar bursts and FRB 121102 text January 2019
A peculiar low-luminosity short gamma-ray burst from a double neutron star merger progenitor text January 2017
Tidally disrupted stars as a possible origin of both cosmic rays and neutrinos at the highest energies text January 2017
A luminous blue kilonova and an off-axis jet from a compact binary merger at z=0.1341 text January 2018
Quantum expander for gravitational-wave observatories text January 2019

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