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Title: Long-rising Type II supernovae from Palomar Transient Factory and Caltech Core-Collapse Project

Journal Article · · Astronomy and Astrophysics
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [5];  [1];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [4];  [11];  [12];  [13]; ORCiD logo [14]
  1. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Oskar Klein Centre, Dept. of Astronomy
  2. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel). Dept. of Particle Physics & Astrophysics
  3. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
  4. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Astronomy Dept.
  5. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
  6. Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, Goleta, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
  7. Carnegie Inst. for Science, Pasadena, CA (United States). The Observatories
  8. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Spitzer Science Center
  9. Weizmann Inst. of Science, Rehovot (Israel). Dept. of Particle Physics & Astrophysics; Univ. of Copenhagen (Denmark). The Niels Bohr Inst., Dark Cosmology Centre
  10. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
  11. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
  12. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  13. Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
  14. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Context. Supernova (SN) 1987A was a peculiar hydrogen-rich event with a long-rising (~84 d) light curve, stemming from the explosion of a compact blue supergiant star. Only a few similar events have been presented in the literature in recent decades. Aims. We present new data for a sample of six long-rising Type II SNe (SNe II), three of which were discovered and observed by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and three observed by the Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP). Our aim is to enlarge this small family of long-rising SNe II, characterizing their differences in terms of progenitor and explosion parameters. We also study the metallicity of their environments. Methods. Optical light curves, spectra, and host-galaxy properties of these SNe are presented and analyzed. Detailed comparisons with known SN 1987A-like events in the literature are shown, with particular emphasis on the absolute magnitudes, colors, expansion velocities, and host-galaxy metallicities. Bolometric properties are derived from the multiband light curves. By modeling the early-time emission with scaling relations derived from the SuperNova Explosion Code (SNEC) models of MESA progenitor stars, we estimate the progenitor radii of these transients. The modeling of the bolometric light curves also allows us to estimate other progenitor and explosion parameters, such as the ejected 56Ni mass, the explosion energy, and the ejecta mass. Results. We present PTF12kso, a long-rising SN II that is estimated to have the largest amount of ejected 56Ni mass measured for this class. PTF09gpn and PTF12kso are found at the lowest host metallicities observed for this SN group. The variety of early light-curve luminosities depends on the wide range of progenitor radii of these SNe, from a few tens of R⊙ (SN 2005ci) up to thousands (SN 2004ek) with some intermediate cases between 100 R⊙ (PTF09gpn) and 300 R⊙ (SN 2004em). Conclusions. We confirm that long-rising SNe II with light-curve shapes closely resembling that of SN 1987A generally arise from blue supergiant (BSG) stars. However, some of them, such as SN 2004em, likely have progenitors with larger radii (~300 R⊙, typical of yellow supergiants) and can thus be regarded as intermediate cases between normal SNe IIP and SN 1987A-like SNe. Some extended red supergiant (RSG) stars such as the progenitor of SN 2004ek can also produce long-rising SNe II if they synthesized a large amount of 56Ni in the explosion. Lastly, low host metallicity is confirmed as a characteristic of the SNe arising from compact BSG stars.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; European Union (EU); National Science Foundation (NSF)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC52-06NA25396; AST-1211916; AST-1009571; AST-1210311; AST-1302771
OSTI ID:
1412869
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-17-27744; TRN: US1800384
Journal Information:
Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 588; ISSN 0004-6361
Publisher:
EDP SciencesCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 29 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Cited By (12)

Hydrogen-rich supernovae beyond the neutrino-driven core-collapse paradigm journal September 2017
New regimes in the observation of core-collapse supernovae journal August 2019
PTF11mnb: First analog of supernova 2005bf: Long-rising, double-peaked supernova Ic from a massive progenitor⋆ journal January 2018
Analysis of broad-lined Type Ic supernovae from the (intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory journal January 2019
The diverse lives of progenitors of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae: the role of binary interaction journal October 2019
Comparison of the optical light curves of hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-poor type II supernovae journal July 2019
OGLE-2014-SN-073 as a fallback accretion powered supernova journal December 2017
Fallback Accretion-powered Supernova Light Curves Based on a Neutrino-driven Explosion Simulation of a 40 M ⊙ Star journal July 2019
KSP-SN-2016kf: A Long-rising H-rich Type II Supernova with Unusually High 56 Ni Mass Discovered in the KMTNet Supernova Program journal August 2019
The Matter Beyond the Ring: The Recent Evolution of SN 1987A Observed by the Hubble Space Telescope journal December 2019
SN 2018hna: 1987A-like Supernova with a Signature of Shock Breakout journal September 2019
KSP-SN-2016kf: a long-rising H-rich Type II Supernova with unusually high $^{56}$Ni mass discovered in the KMTNet Supernova Program text January 2019

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