Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global climate models

Ceppi, Paulo; Brient, Florent; Zelinka, Mark D.; Hartmann, Dennis L.

doi:10.1002/wcc.465

Title: Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global climate models

Journal Article · Thu May 11 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.465· OSTI ID:1357404

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Univ. of Reading (United Kingdom). Dept. of Meteorology
Meteo-France, Toulouse (France). National Center for Meteorological Research (CNRM)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Cloud Processes Research Group
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences

Cloud feedback—the change in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate response to CO₂ forcing simulated by global climate models (GCMs). In this paper, we review the main mechanisms for cloud feedbacks, and discuss their representation in climate models and the sources of intermodel spread. Global-mean cloud feedback in GCMs results from three main effects: (1) rising free-tropospheric clouds (a positive longwave effect); (2) decreasing tropical low cloud amount (a positive shortwave [SW] effect); (3) increasing high-latitude low cloud optical depth (a negative SW effect). These cloud responses simulated by GCMs are qualitatively supported by theory, high-resolution modeling, and observations. Rising high clouds are consistent with the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis, whereby enhanced upper-tropospheric radiative cooling causes anvil cloud tops to remain at a nearly fixed temperature as the atmosphere warms. Tropical low cloud amount decreases are driven by a delicate balance between the effects of vertical turbulent fluxes, radiative cooling, large-scale subsidence, and lower-tropospheric stability on the boundary-layer moisture budget. High-latitude low cloud optical depth increases are dominated by phase changes in mixed-phase clouds. Finally, the causes of intermodel spread in cloud feedback are discussed, focusing particularly on the role of unresolved parameterized processes such as cloud microphysics, turbulence, and convection.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); Univ. of Reading (United Kingdom)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); European Research Council (ERC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; SC0012580; NNH14AX83I

OSTI ID:: 1357404

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-707398

Journal Information:: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change, Vol. 8, Issue 4; ISSN 1757-7780

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 150 works

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