Detection of significant cm to sub-mm band radio and  γ-ray correlated variability in Fermi bright blazars

Fuhrmann, L.; Larsson, S.; Chiang, J.; Angelakis, E.; Zensus, J. A.; Nestoras, I.; Krichbaum, T. P.; Ungerechts, H.; Sievers, A.; Pavlidou, V.; Readhead, A. C.  S.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Pearson, T. J.

doi:10.1093/mnras/stu540

Title: Detection of significant cm to sub-mm band radio and γ-ray correlated variability in Fermi bright blazars

Journal Article · Mon May 12 00:00:00 EDT 2014 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu540· OSTI ID:1356525

Fuhrmann, L. ^[1]; Larsson, S. ^[2]; Chiang, J. ^[3]; Angelakis, E. ^[1]; Zensus, J. A. ^[1]; Nestoras, I. ^[1]; Krichbaum, T. P. ^[1]; Ungerechts, H. ^[4]; Sievers, A. ^[4]; Pavlidou, V. ^[1]; Readhead, A. C. S. ^[5]; Max-Moerbeck, W. ^[5]; Pearson, T. J. ^[5]

Max Planck Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Bonn (Germany)
Stockholm Univ. (Sweden). Oskar Klein Centre
Stanford Univ. and SLAC National Accelerator Lab., CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Inst. of Millimetric Radio Astronomy, Granada (Spain)
California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)

The exact location of the γ-ray emitting region in blazars is still controversial. In order to attack this problem we present first results of a cross-correlation analysis between radio (11 cm to 0.8 mm wavelength, F-GAMMA programme) and γ-ray (0.1–300 GeV) ~3.5 yr light curves of 54 Fermi-bright blazars. We perform a source stacking analysis and estimate significances and chance correlations using mixed source correlations. These results reveal: (i) the first highly significant multiband radio and γ-ray correlations (radio lagging γ rays) when averaging over the whole sample, (ii) average time delays (source frame: 76 ± 23 to 7 ± 9 d), systematically decreasing from cm to mm/sub-mm bands with a frequency dependence τr, γ(ν) ∝ ν^-1, in good agreement with jet opacity dominated by synchrotron self-absorption, (iii) a bulk γ-ray production region typically located within/upstream of the 3 mm core region (τ3mm, γ = 12 ± 8 d), (iv) mean distances between the region of γ-ray peak emission and the radio ‘τ = 1 photosphere’ decreasing from 9.8 ± 3.0 pc (11 cm) to 0.9 ± 1.1 pc (2 mm) and 1.4 ± 0.8 pc (0.8 mm), (v) 3 mm/γ-ray correlations in nine individual sources at a significance level where one is expected by chance (probability: 4 × 10^-6), (vi) opacity and ‘time lag core shift’ estimates for quasar 3C 454.3 providing a lower limit for the distance of the bulk γ-ray production region from the supermassive black hole (SMBH) of ~0.8–1.6 pc, i.e. at the outer edge of the broad-line region (BLR) or beyond. A 3 mm τ = 1 surface at ~2–3 pc from the jet base (i.e. well outside the ‘canonical BLR’) finally suggests that BLR material extends to several parsec distances from the SMBH.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: Fermi LAT Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1356525

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 3; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Royal Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 104 works

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Erratic Flaring of bl lac in 2012–2013: Multiwavelength Observations Wehrle, Ann E.; Grupe, Dirk; Jorstad, Svetlana G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 816, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637x/816/2/53	journal	January 2016
DISCOVERY OF γ -RAY EMISSION FROM THE RADIO-INTERMEDIATE QUASAR III ZW 2: VIOLENT JET ACTIVITY WITH INTRADAY γ -RAY VARIABILITY Liao, Neng-Hui; Xin, Yu-Liang; Fan, Xu-Liang The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 226, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/226/2/17	journal	October 2016
Kinematics of Parsec-scale Jets of Gamma-Ray Blazars at 43 GHz within the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR Program Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Marscher, Alan P.; Morozova, Daria A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8407	journal	September 2017
Exploring the Variability of the Flat Spectrum Radio Source 1633+382. I. Phenomenology of the Light Curves Algaba, Juan-Carlos; Lee, Sang-Sung; Kim, Dae-Won The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9e50	journal	January 2018
Multi-frequency Variability Study of Ton 599 during the High Activity of 2017 Prince, Raj The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf475	journal	January 2019
Characterizing the Gamma-Ray Variability of the Brightest Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars Observed with the Fermi LAT Meyer, Manuel; Scargle, Jeffrey D.; Blandford, Roger D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1651	journal	May 2019
Curvature-induced Polarization and Spectral Index Behavior for PKS 1502+106 Shao, Xi; Jiang, Yunguo; Chen, Xu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3e38	journal	October 2019
Gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies: Past, present, and future Paliya, Vaidehi S. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, Vol. 40, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9604-3	journal	October 2019
Multi-wavelength characterization of the blazar S5 0716+714 during an unprecedented outburst phase Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-05619	text	January 2018
Radio and optical intra-day variability observations of five blazars Nogues,, Naves The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/be4n-9a03	text	January 2017
A sample of weak blazars at milli-arcsecond resolution Mantovani, F.; Bondi, M.; Mack, K. -H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1502.07176	text	January 2015
Resolving the High Energy Universe with Strong Gravitational Lensing: The Case of PKS 1830-211 Barnacka, Anna; Geller, Margaret J.; Dell'Antonio, Ian P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1504.05210	text	January 2015
PKS 1502+106: A high-redshift Fermi blazar at extreme angular resolution. Structural dynamics with VLBI imaging up to 86 GHz Karamanavis, V.; Fuhrmann, L.; Krichbaum, T. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.01085	text	January 2015
Radio follow-up of the gamma-ray flaring gravitational lens JVAS B0218+357 Spingola, Cristiana; Dallacasa, D.; Orienti, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1601.03591	text	January 2016
Location of Gamma-ray emission and magnetic field strengths in OJ 287 Hodgson, J. A.; Krichbaum, T. P.; Marscher, A. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1607.00725	text	January 2016
The F-GAMMA program: Multi-frequency study of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Fermi era. Program description and the first 2.5 years of monitoring Fuhrmann, L.; Angelakis, E.; Zensus, J. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1608.02580	text	January 2016
A revised lens time delay for JVAS B0218+357 from a reanalysis of VLA monitoring data Biggs, A. D.; Browne, I. W. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.10088	text	January 2018
Multiwavelength Cross-Correlations and Flaring Activity in Bright Blazars Liodakis, I.; Romani, R. W.; Filippenko, A. V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.05625	text	January 2018
Multi-frequency variability study of Ton 599 during high activity of 2017 Prince, Raj arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.11256	text	January 2018
F-GAMMA: Multi-frequency radio monitoring of Fermi blazars. The 2.64 to 43 GHz Effelsberg light curves from 2007-2015 Angelakis, E.; Fuhrmann, L.; Myserlis, I. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04404	text	January 2019
Stochastic modeling of the time variability of ALMA calibrators Guzmán, A. E.; Verdugo, C.; Nagai, H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.03528	text	January 2019
Physical Inference from the gamma-ray, X-Ray and Optical Time Variability of a Large Sample of Fermi Blazars Majumder, Anwesh; Mitra, Kaustav; Chatterjee, Ritaban arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.05157	text	January 2019
Investigating the multiwavelength behaviour of the flat spectrum radio quasar CTA 102 during 2013-2017 D'Ammando, F.; Raiteri, C. M.; Villata, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.03609	text	January 2019
Curvature induced polarization and spectral index behavior for PKS 1502+106 Shao, Xi; Jiang, Yunguo; Chen, Xu arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.00675	text	January 2020
Predicting Positive and Negative Links with Noisy Queries: Theory & Practice Tsourakakis, Charalampos E.; Mitzenmacher, Michael; Larsen, Kasper Green arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1709.07308	preprint	January 2017

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