Elucidating the Phase Transformation of Li4Ti5O12 Lithiation at the Nanoscale

Verde, Michael G.; Baggetto, Loïc; Balke, Nina; Veith, Gabriel M.; Seo, Joon Kyo; Wang, Ziying; Meng, Ying Shirley

doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07875

Title: Elucidating the Phase Transformation of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Lithiation at the Nanoscale

Journal Article · Tue Mar 15 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · ACS Nano

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b07875· OSTI ID:1352742

Verde, Michael G. ^[1]; Baggetto, Loïc ^[2]; Balke, Nina ^[3]; Veith, Gabriel M. ^[2]; Seo, Joon Kyo ^[4]; Wang, Ziying ^[1]; Meng, Ying Shirley ^[1]

Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Dept. of NanoEngineering
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science & Technology Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Science (CNMS)
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Materials Science & Engineering Program

This work provides insight regarding the fundamental lithiation and delithiation mechanism of the popular lithium ion battery anode material, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). Our results quantify the extent of reaction between Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 at the nanoscale, during the first cycle. Lithium titanate’s discharge (lithiation) and charge (delithiation) reactions are notoriously difficult to characterize due to the zero-strain transition occurring between the end members Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12. Interestingly, however, the latter compound is electronically conductive, while the former is an insulator. We take advantage of this critical property difference by using conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) to locally monitor the phase transition between the two structures at various states of charge. To do so, we perform ex situ characterization on electrochemically cycled LTO thin-films that are never exposed to air. We provide direct confirmation of the manner in which the reaction occurs, which proceeds via percolation channels within single grains. We complement scanning probe analyses with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study that identifies and explains changes in the LTO surface structure and composition. In addition, we provide a computational analysis to describe the unique electronic differences between LTO and its lithiated form.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS); Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0002357; FG02-10ER46672; ACI-1053575

OSTI ID:: 1352742

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1595357

Journal Information:: ACS Nano, Vol. 10, Issue 4; ISSN 1936-0851

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 117 works

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anode
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thin-film
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Title: Elucidating the Phase Transformation of Li4Ti5O12 Lithiation at the Nanoscale

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Title: Elucidating the Phase Transformation of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Lithiation at the Nanoscale