High-resolution photography of clouds from the surface: Retrieval of optical depth of thin clouds down to centimeter scales: High-Resolution Photography of Clouds

Schwartz, Stephen E.; Huang, Dong; Vladutescu, Daniela Viviana

doi:10.1002/2016JD025384

Title: High-resolution photography of clouds from the surface: Retrieval of optical depth of thin clouds down to centimeter scales: High-Resolution Photography of Clouds

Journal Article · Wed Mar 08 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025384· OSTI ID:1344232

^[1];

^[2];

^[3]

Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York New York USA
Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York New York USA; Now at Science Systems and Applications Inc., Greenbelt Maryland USA
New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, New York New York USA

This article describes the approach and presents initial results, for a period of several minutes in north central Oklahoma, of an examination of clouds by high resolution digital photography from the surface looking vertically upward. A commercially available camera having 35-mm equivalent focal length up to 1200 mm (nominal resolution as fine as 6 µrad, which corresponds to 9 mm for cloud height 1.5 km) is used to obtain a measure of zenith radiance of a 30 m × 30 m domain as a two-dimensional image consisting of 3456 × 3456 pixels (12 million pixels). Downwelling zenith radiance varies substantially within single images and between successive images obtained at 4-s intervals. Variation in zenith radiance found on scales down to about 10 cm is attributed to variation in cloud optical depth (COD). Attention here is directed primarily to optically thin clouds, COD less than about 2. A radiation transfer model used to relate downwelling zenith radiance to COD and to relate the counts in the camera image to zenith radiance, permits determination of COD on a pixel-by-pixel basis. COD for thin clouds determined in this way exhibits considerable variation, for example, an order of magnitude within 15 m, a factor of 2 within 4 m, and 25% (0.12 to 0.15) over 14 cm. In conclusion, this approach, which examines cloud structure on scales 3 to 5 orders of magnitude finer than satellite products, opens new avenues for examination of cloud structure and evolution.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; AC02-98CH10886

OSTI ID:: 1344232

Report Number(s):: BNL-113517-2017-JA; R&D Project: 2016-BNL-EE630EECA-Budg; KP1701000

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 5; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 15 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (71)

Objective Determination of Cloud Heights and Radar Reflectivities Using a Combination of Active Remote Sensors at the ARM CART Sites Clothiaux, Eugene E.; Ackerman, Thomas P.; Mace, Gerald G. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 39, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039%3C0645:ODOCHA%3E2.0.CO%3B2	journal	May 2000
Remote sensing the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in drop concentration Platnick, S.; Twomey, S. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 34, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90082-5	journal	June 1994
Advances in Understanding Clouds from ISCCP Rossow, William B.; Schiffer, Robert A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 80, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2261:AIUCFI>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1999
Simple Radiative Transfer Methods for Calculating Domain-Averaged Solar Fluxes in Inhomogeneous Clouds Gabriel, P. M.; Evans, K. F. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 53, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053%3C0858:SRTMFC%3E2.0.CO%3B2	journal	March 1996
Coupling sky images with radiative transfer models: a new method to estimate cloud optical depth Mejia, Felipe A.; Kurtz, Ben; Murray, Keenan Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4151-2016	journal	January 2016
Retrieving Cloud Characteristics from Ground-Based Daytime Color All-Sky Images Long, C. N.; Sabburg, J. M.; Calbó, J. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 23, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1875.1	journal	May 2006
Holographic measurements of inhomogeneous cloud mixing at the centimeter scale Beals, Matthew J.; Fugal, Jacob P.; Shaw, Raymond A. Science, Vol. 350, Issue 6256 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0751	journal	October 2015
The ‘too few, too bright’ tropical low-cloud problem in CMIP5 models: TOO FEW TOO BRIGHT LOW-CLOUDS Nam, C.; Bony, S.; Dufresne, J. -L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053421	journal	November 2012
Evaluation of cloud fraction and its radiative effect simulated by IPCC AR4 global models against ARM surface observations Qian, Y.; Long, C. N.; Wang, H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1785-2012	journal	January 2012
A 39-Yr Survey of Cloud Changes from Land Stations Worldwide 1971–2009: Long-Term Trends, Relation to Aerosols, and Expansion of the Tropical Belt Eastman, Ryan; Warren, Stephen G. Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00280.1	journal	February 2013
Stereophotogrammetry of Oceanic Clouds Öktem, Rusen; Lee, James Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00224.1	journal	July 2014
Properties of cirrus and subvisible cirrus from nighttime Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), related to atmospheric dynamics and water vapor Martins, E.; Noel, V.; Chepfer, H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, Issue D2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014519	journal	January 2011
On the determination of cloud cover from satellite sensors: The effect of sensor spatial resolution Wielicki, Bruce A.; Parker, Lindsay Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, Issue D12 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD01061	journal	January 1992
Thin and Subvisual Tropopause Tropical Cirrus: Observations and Radiative Impacts McFarquhar, Greg M.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Spinhirne, James Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 57, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3C1841:TASTTC%3E2.0.CO%3B2	journal	June 2000
A study of the vertical structure of tropical (20°S–20°N) optically thin clouds from SAGE II observations Wang, Pi-Huan; Minnis, Patrick; McCormick, M. Patrick Atmospheric Research, Vol. 47-48 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00085-9	journal	June 1998
Nonlocal independent pixel approximation: direct and inverse problems Marshak, A.; Davis, A.; Cahalan, R. F. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/36.655329	journal	January 1998
Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Harrison, E. F.; Minnis, P.; Barkstrom, B. R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue D11 https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD11p18687	journal	January 1990
AERONET—A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization Holben, B. N.; Eck, T. F.; Slutsker, I. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5	journal	October 1998
Estimation of spectral distribution of sky radiance using a commercial digital camera Saito, Masanori; Iwabuchi, Hironobu; Murata, Isao Applied Optics, Vol. 55, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.000415	journal	January 2016
THE CLOUDSAT MISSION AND THE A-TRAIN: A New Dimension of Space-Based Observations of Clouds and Precipitation Stephens, Graeme L.; Vane, Deborah G.; Boain, Ronald J. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 83, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771	journal	December 2002
An Analysis of the Performance of the UFAM Pulsed Doppler Lidar for Observing the Boundary Layer Pearson, Guy; Davies, Fay; Collier, Chris Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1128.1	journal	February 2009
Growth of Cloud Droplets in a Turbulent Environment Grabowski, Wojciech W.; Wang, Lian-Ping Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140750	journal	January 2013
Development of a sky imaging system for short-term solar power forecasting Urquhart, B.; Kurtz, B.; Dahlin, E. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-875-2015	journal	January 2015
Diffuse radiation in the Galaxy Henyey, L. C.; Greenstein, J. L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 93 https://doi.org/10.1086/144246	journal	January 1941
Physical interpretation of the spectral radiative signature in the transition zone between cloud-free and cloudy regions Chiu, J. C.; Marshak, A.; Knyazikhin, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1419-2009	journal	January 2009
Droplet growth in warm turbulent clouds Devenish, B. J.; Bartello, P.; Brenguier, J. -L. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 138, Issue 667 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1897	journal	February 2012
Optical properties of terrestrial clouds Kokhanovsky, A. Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 64, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00042-4	journal	February 2004
A Parameterization for Computing Grid-Averaged Solar Fluxes for Inhomogeneous Marine Boundary Layer Clouds. Part II: Validation Using Satellite Data Barker, Howard W.; Wiellicki, Bruce A.; Parker, Lindsay Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 53, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053%3C2304:APFCGA%3E2.0.CO%3B2	journal	August 1996
Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media Stamnes, Knut; Tsay, S-Chee; Wiscombe, Warren Applied Optics, Vol. 27, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.27.002502	journal	January 1988
Geometric Calibration of Digital Cameras for 3D Cumulus Cloud Measurements Hu, Jiuxiang; Razdan, Anshuman; Zehnder, Joseph A. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1079.1	journal	February 2009
Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots Cleveland, William S. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, Issue 368 https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10481038	journal	December 1979
Automated multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer: an instrument for optical depth and radiation measurements Harrison, Lee; Michalsky, Joseph; Berndt, Jerry Applied Optics, Vol. 33, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.005118	journal	January 1994
A Hybrid Thresholding Algorithm for Cloud Detection on Ground-Based Color Images Li, Qingyong; Lu, Weitao; Yang, Jun Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 28, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00009.1	journal	October 2011
A review of cloud top height and optical depth histograms from MISR, ISCCP, and MODIS Marchand, Roger; Ackerman, Thomas; Smyth, Mike Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013422	journal	January 2010
Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the ocean Warren, S. G.; Hahn, C. J.; London, J. https://doi.org/10.2172/5415329	report	December 1988
Spectrally-invariant behavior of zenith radiance around cloud edges simulated by radiative transfer Chiu, J. C.; Marshak, A.; Knyazikhin, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11295-2010	journal	January 2010
Optical and geometrical characteristics of cirrus clouds over a Southern European lidar station Giannakaki, E.; Balis, D. S.; Amiridis, V. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5519-2007	journal	January 2007
Exposing Global Cloud Biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Using Satellite Observations and Their Corresponding Instrument Simulators Kay, J. E.; Hillman, B. R.; Klein, S. A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00469.1	journal	August 2012
Aircraft millimeter-wave passive sensing of cloud liquid water and water vapor during VOCALS-REx Zuidema, P.; Leon, D.; Pazmany, A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-355-2012	journal	January 2012
Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar Ansmann, Albert; Wandinger, Ulla; Riebesell, Maren Applied Optics, Vol. 31, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.31.007113	journal	January 1992
Design and characterization of specMACS, a multipurpose hyperspectral cloud and sky imager Ewald, Florian; Kölling, Tobias; Baumgartner, Andreas Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2015-2016	journal	January 2016
Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols Charlson, R. J.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hales, J. M. Science, Vol. 255, Issue 5043 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5043.423	journal	January 1992
Can Commercial Digital Cameras Be Used as Multispectral Sensors? A Crop Monitoring Test Lebourgeois, Valentine; Bégué, Agnès; Labbé, Sylvain Sensors, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/s8117300	journal	November 2008
Thin Liquid Water Clouds: Their Importance and Our Challenge Turner, D. D.; Vogelmann, A. M.; Austin, R. T. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 88, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-2-177	journal	February 2007
On the nature and extent of optically thin marine low clouds: OPTICALLY THIN MARINE LOW CLOUDS Leahy, L. V.; Wood, R.; Charlson, R. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D22 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017929	journal	November 2012
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic Background and Design of the Cloud and Radiation Test Bed Stokes, Gerald M.; Schwartz, Stephen E. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 75, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1201:TARMPP>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1994
Evaluating and understanding top of the atmosphere cloud radiative effects in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models using satellite observations: CLOUD RADIATIVE EFFECTS IN CMIP5 MODELS Wang, Hailan; Su, Wenying Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018619	journal	January 2013
Retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and assessment of ice crystal shape from ground-based imaging spectrometry Schäfer, M.; Bierwirth, E.; Ehrlich, A. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1855-2013	journal	January 2013
Detecting super-thin clouds with polarized sunlight: DETECTING SUPER-THIN CLOUDS Sun, Wenbo; Videen, Gorden; Mishchenko, Michael I. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058840	journal	January 2014
Reconciling Simulated and Observed Views of Clouds: MODIS, ISCCP, and the Limits of Instrument Simulators Pincus, Robert; Platnick, Steven; Ackerman, Steven A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00267.1	journal	July 2012
Remote sensing of cloud properties using ground-based measurements of zenith radiance Chiu, J. Christine; Marshak, Alexander; Knyazikhin, Yuri Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D16 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006843	journal	January 2006
Angstrom exponent and bimodal aerosol size distributions Schuster, Gregory L.; Dubovik, Oleg; Holben, Brent N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006328	journal	January 2006
Effects of Cloud Horizontal Inhomogeneity on the Optical Thickness Retrieved from Moderate-Resolution Satellite Data Iwabuchi, Hironobu; Hayasaka, Tadahiro Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059%3C2227:EOCHIO%3E2.0.CO;2	journal	July 2002
The Arm Climate Research Facility: A Review of Structure and Capabilities Mather, James H.; Voyles, Jimmy W. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00218.1	journal	March 2013
Airborne hyperspectral observations of surface and cloud directional reflectivity using a commercial digital camera Ehrlich, A.; Bierwirth, E.; Wendisch, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3493-2012	journal	January 2012
Albedo bias and the horizontal variability of clouds in subtropical marine boundary layers: Observations from ships and satellites Pincus, Robert; McFarlane, Sally A.; Klein, Stephen A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 104, Issue D6 https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200125	journal	March 1999
Lidar model with parameterized multiple scattering for retrieving cloud optical properties Mitrescu, C. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 94, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.006	journal	August 2005
The Multifractal Scaling of Cloud Radiances from 1m to 1km Sachs, D.; Lovejoy, S.; Schertzer, D. Fractals, Vol. 10, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X02001385	journal	September 2002
Application of oxygen A-band equivalent width to disambiguate downwelling radiances for cloud optical depth measurement Niple, Edward R.; Scott, Herman E.; Conant, John A. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4167-2016	journal	January 2016
Total and partial cloud amount detection during summer 2005 at Westerland (Sylt, Germany) Schade, N. H.; Macke, A.; Sandmann, H. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1143-2009	journal	January 2009
At What Optical Thickness Does a Cloud Completely Obscure the Sun? Bohren, Craig F.; Linskens, Jeffrey R.; Churma, Michael E. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<1257:AWOTDA>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1995
New microphysics sensor for aircraft use Gerber, H.; Arends, B. G.; Ackerman, A. S. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90001-9	journal	April 1994
Spatial statistics of marine boundary layer clouds: SPATIAL STATISTICS Lewis, Gregory M.; Austin, Philip H.; Szczodrak, Malgorzata Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 109, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003742	journal	February 2004
Modified ultrafast thermometer UFT-M and temperature measurements during Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST) Kumala, W.; Haman, K. E.; Kopec, M. K. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2043-2013	journal	January 2013
Observations of Small-Scale Turbulence and Energy Dissipation Rates in the Cloudy Boundary Layer Siebert, Holger; Lehmann, Katrin; Wendisch, Manfred Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 63, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3687.1	journal	May 2006
Efficient scavenging of aerosol sulfate by liquid-water clouds ten Brink, H. M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Daum, P. H. Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(87)90164-8	journal	January 1987
Assessment of Global Cloud Datasets from Satellites: Project and Database Initiated by the GEWEX Radiation Panel Stubenrauch, C. J.; Rossow, W. B.; Kinne, S. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00117.1	journal	July 2013
A 10 year climatology of cloud fraction and vertical distribution derived from both surface and GOES observations over the DOE ARM SPG site Xi, Baike; Dong, Xiquan; Minnis, Patrick Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012800	journal	January 2010
A Stereo Photogrammetric Technique Applied to Orographic Convection Zehnder, Joseph A.; Hu, Jiuxiang; Razdan, Anshuman Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 135, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3401.1	journal	June 2007
A spectral method for discriminating thermodynamic phase and retrieving cloud optical thickness and effective radius using transmitted solar radiance spectra LeBlanc, S. E.; Pilewskie, P.; Schmidt, K. S. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1361-2015	journal	January 2015
Measuring the spectral response with a set of interference filters Mauer, Christian; Wueller, Dietmar IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.805591	conference	January 2009

Cited By (1)

Retrieval of Cloud Optical Thickness from Sky-View Camera Images using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network based on Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Masuda, Ryosuke; Iwabuchi, Hironobu; Schmidt, Konrad Sebastian Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11171962	journal	August 2019

Similar Records

Thin ice clouds in the Arctic: cloud optical depth and particle size retrieved from ground-based thermal infrared radiometry

Journal Article · Fri Jun 09 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (Online) · OSTI ID:1344232

Blanchard, Yann; Royer, Alain; O'Neill, Norman T.; +2 more

Cloud optical and microphysical properties derived from ground-based and satellite sensors over a site in the Yangtze Delta region: CLOUD PROPERTIES IN EASTERN CHINA

Journal Article · Thu Aug 22 00:00:00 EDT 2013 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · OSTI ID:1344232

Liu, Jianjun; Li, Zhanqing; Zheng, Youfei; +5 more

Multispectral and Thermal Imager Onboard Aerial Platforms Instrument Handbook

Technical Report · Mon Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · OSTI ID:1344232

Goldberger, Lexie A.; Eden, Alexander

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Cloud structure
Zenith radiance
Radiation transfer
Cloud optical depth
Cloud albedo

Title: High-resolution photography of clouds from the surface: Retrieval of optical depth of thin clouds down to centimeter scales: High-Resolution Photography of Clouds

Citation Formats

References (71)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects