DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics

Xu, Li; Cameron-Smith, Philip; Russell, Lynn M.; Ghan, Steven J.; Liu, Ying; Elliott, Scott; Yang, Yang; Lou, Sijia; Lamjiri, Maryam A.; Manizza, Manfredi

doi:10.1002/2016JD025333

Title: DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics

Journal Article · Fri Oct 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025333· OSTI ID:1343183

^[1]; Cameron-Smith, Philip ^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5];

^[6];

^[3];

^[3]

Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States); Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

We examined the multiyear mean and variability of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its relationship to sulfate aerosols, as well as cloud microphysical and radiative properties. We conducted a 150 year simulation using preindustrial conditions produced by the Community Earth System Model embedded with a dynamic DMS module. The model simulated the mean spatial distribution of DMS emissions and burden, as well as sulfur budgets associated with DMS, SO₂, H₂SO₄, and sulfate that were generally similar to available observations and inventories for a variety of regions. Changes in simulated sea-to-air DMS emissions and associated atmospheric abundance, along with associated aerosols and cloud and radiative properties, were consistently dominated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in the tropical Pacific region. Simulated DMS, aerosols, and clouds showed a weak positive feedback on sea surface temperature. This feedback suggests a link among DMS, aerosols, clouds, and climate on interannual timescales. The variability of DMS emissions associated with ENSO was primarily caused by a higher variation in wind speed during La Niña events. As a result, the simulation results also suggest that variations in DMS emissions increase the frequency of La Niña events but do not alter ENSO variability in terms of the standard deviation of the Niño 3 sea surface temperature anomalies.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); Battelle Memorial Institute; USDOE, ACME; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830; AGS1048995; SC0006679; AC52‐07NA27344; AC05‐00OR22725; AC02‐05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1343183

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1402244

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-123189; KP1703020

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 22; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 8 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (70)

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (1982 to 1996): Evidence of a climate feedback? Bates, Timothy S.; Quinn, Patricia K. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00784	journal	April 1997
Effects of biologically induced differential heating in an eddy-permitting coupled ocean-ecosystem model Löptien, Ulrike; Eden, Carsten; Timmermann, Axel Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue C6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004936	journal	January 2009
Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles Wolff, E. W.; Fischer, H.; Fundel, F. Nature, Vol. 440, Issue 7083 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04614	journal	March 2006
Influence of penetrating solar radiation on the heat budget of the equatorial Pacific Ocean Lewis, Marion R.; Carr, Mary-Elena; Feldman, Gene C. Nature, Vol. 347, Issue 6293 https://doi.org/10.1038/347543a0	journal	October 1990
Constraining the total aerosol indirect effect in the LMDZ and ECHAM4 GCMs using MODIS satellite data Quaas, J.; Boucher, O.; Lohmann, U. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-947-2006	journal	January 2006
Aerosol production and growth in the marine boundary layer Russell, Lynn M.; Pandis, Spyros N.; Seinfeld, John H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, Issue D10 https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01932	journal	January 1994
Global modeling of aerosol dynamics: Model description, evaluation, and interactions between sulfate and nonsulfate aerosols Liu, Xiaohong Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005674	journal	January 2005
Large contribution of natural aerosols to uncertainty in indirect forcing Carslaw, K. S.; Lee, L. A.; Reddington, C. L. Nature, Vol. 503, Issue 7474 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12674	journal	November 2013
A New Two-Moment Bulk Stratiform Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3 (CAM3). Part I: Description and Numerical Tests Morrison, Hugh; Gettelman, Andrew Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2105.1	journal	August 2008
Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5 Liu, X.; Easter, R. C.; Ghan, S. J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012	journal	January 2012
The iron CLAW Harvey, Mike Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN07066	journal	January 2007
Seasonal relationship between cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol methanesulphonate in marine air Ayers, G. P.; Gras, J. L. Nature, Vol. 353, Issue 6347 https://doi.org/10.1038/353834a0	journal	October 1991
The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S. Nature, Vol. 480, Issue 7375 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10580	journal	November 2011
ENSO and Pacific Decadal Variability in the Community Climate System Model Version 4 Deser, Clara; Phillips, Adam S.; Tomas, Robert A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00301.1	journal	April 2012
Eddy correlation measurements of the air/sea flux of dimethylsulfide over the North Pacific Ocean Marandino, C. A.; De Bruyn, W. J.; Miller, S. D. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007293	journal	January 2007
Effects of Ocean Biology on the Penetrative Radiation in a Coupled Climate Model Wetzel, Patrick; Maier-Reimer, Ernst; Botzet, Michael Journal of Climate, Vol. 19, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3828.1	journal	August 2006
Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model Zhang, G. J.; McFarlane, Norman A. Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 33, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539	journal	September 1995
Biological-physical coupling in the Central Equatorial Pacific during the onset of the 1997-98 El Niño Chavez, Francisco P.; Strutton, Peter G.; McPhaden, Michael J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02729	journal	October 1998
Assessment of interannual variation (1979-1986) in pigment concentrations in the tropical Pacific using the CZCS Leonard, C. L.; McCLAIN, C. R. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949040	journal	March 1996
A first appraisal of prognostic ocean DMS models and prospects for their use in climate models: CODiM-COMPARISON OF OCEAN DMS MODELS Le Clainche, Yvonnick; Vézina, Alain; Levasseur, Maurice Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003721	journal	September 2010
Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness Albrecht, B. A. Science, Vol. 245, Issue 4923 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227	journal	September 1989
Modeling and evaluation of the global sea-salt aerosol distribution: sensitivity to size-resolved and sea-surface temperature dependent emission schemes Spada, M.; Jorba, O.; Pérez García-Pando, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11735-2013	journal	January 2013
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project's First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1): Overview Bates, Timothy S.; Huebert, Barry J.; Gras, John L. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 103, Issue D13 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03741	journal	July 1998
Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical Pacific climate in a coupled general circulation model Lengaigne, Matthieu; Menkes, Christophe; Aumont, Olivier Climate Dynamics, Vol. 28, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2	journal	November 2006
The contribution of ocean-leaving DMS to the global atmospheric burdens of DMS, MSA, SO ₂ , and NSS SO ₄ ⁼ : DMS, MSA, SO Gondwe, M.; Krol, M.; Gieskes, W. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001937	journal	May 2003
Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology Zender, Charles S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002775	journal	January 2003
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response to Seasonal Modulation of Ocean Color: Impact on Interannual Climate Simulations in the Tropical Pacific Ballabrera-Poy, J.; Murtugudde, R.; Zhang, R-H. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3958.1	journal	January 2007
Role of ocean biology-induced climate feedback in the modulation of El Niño-Southern Oscillation: OCEAN BIOLOGY-INDUCED FEEDBACK ON ENSO Zhang, Rong-Hua; Busalacchi, Antonio J.; Wang, Xiujun Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036568	journal	February 2009
DMS atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study to the DMS source representation and oxidation Boucher, O.; Moulin, C.; Belviso, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-49-2003	journal	January 2003
Integrating Cloud Processes in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5 Park, Sungsu; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Rasch, Philip J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00087.1	journal	September 2014
Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data sets and flux models Kettle, A. J.; Andreae, M. O. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D22 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900252	journal	November 2000
Low sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei to changes in the sea-air flux of dimethyl-sulphide Woodhouse, M. T.; Carslaw, K. S.; Mann, G. W. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7545-2010	journal	January 2010
Interannual variability of dimethylsulfide in air and seawater and its atmospheric oxidation by-products (methanesulfonate and sulfate) at Dumont d'Urville, coastal Antarctica (1999–2003) Preunkert, Susanne; Legrand, Michel; Jourdain, Bruno Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007585	journal	January 2007
Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model: GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM-BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL Moore, J. Keith; Doney, Scott C.; Lindsay, Keith Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002220	journal	December 2004
Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño Chavez, F. P. Science, Vol. 286, Issue 5447 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5447.2126	journal	December 1999
The Increase of Biogenic Sulfate Aerosol and Particle Number in Marine Atmosphere over the Northwestern North Pacific Ooki, Atsushi; Miura, Kazuhiko; Uematsu, Mitsuo Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 59, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009571.81193.5d	journal	January 2003
Dependence of DMS global sea-air flux distribution on transfer velocity and concentration field type: DMS GLOBAL SEA-AIR FLUX DISTRIBUTION Elliott, Scott Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 114, Issue G2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000710	journal	April 2009
CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model Lamarque, J. -F.; Emmons, L. K.; Hess, P. G. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012	journal	January 2012
Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom Textor, C.; Schulz, M.; Guibert, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1777-2006	journal	January 2006
Impacts of ENSO events on cloud radiative effects in preindustrial conditions: Changes in cloud fraction and their dependence on interactive aerosol emissions and concentrations: IMPACT OF ENSO ON CLOUD RADIATIVE EFFECT Yang, Yang; Russell, Lynn M.; Xu, Li Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024503	journal	June 2016
Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean Marandino, C. A.; De Bruyn, W. J.; Miller, S. D. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-345-2009	journal	January 2009
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research Hurrell, James W.; Holland, M. M.; Gent, P. R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121	journal	February 2013
Aerosol indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF Wang, M.; Ghan, S.; Ovchinnikov, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011	journal	January 2011
Laboratory simulations and parameterization of the primary marine aerosol production: THE PRIMARY MARINE AEROSOL SOURCE Mårtensson, E. M.; Nilsson, E. D.; de Leeuw, G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 108, Issue D9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002263	journal	May 2003
Strong Relationship Between DMS and the Solar Radiation Dose over the Global Surface Ocean Vallina, S. M.; Simo, R. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5811 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133680	journal	January 2007
Dimethylsulfide and climate Vogt, M.; Liss, P. S. Surface Ocean—Lower Atmosphere Processes https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GM000790	book	January 2009
Cloud condensation nuclei measurements at Mace Head, Ireland, over the period 1994–2002 Reade, Luke; Jennings, S. G.; McSweeney, Gobnait Atmospheric Research, Vol. 82, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.02.017	journal	December 2006
Quantification of the Feedback between Phytoplankton and ENSO in the Community Climate System Model Jochum, Markus; Yeager, Steve; Lindsay, Keith Journal of Climate, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3254.1	journal	June 2010
Coupling between cycles of phytoplankton biomass and aerosol optical depth as derived from SeaWiFS time series in the Subantarctic Southern Ocean Gabric, Albert J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013545	journal	January 2002
The relationship between DMS flux and CCN concentration in remote marine regions Pandis, Spyros N.; Russell, Lynn M.; Seinfeld, John H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, Issue D8 https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01119	journal	January 1994
A Model of Marine Aerosol Generation Via Whitecaps and Wave Disruption Monahan, E. C.; Spiel, D. E.; Davidson, K. L. Oceanographic Sciences Library https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_16	book	January 1986
Phytoplankton influences on tropical climate: PHYTOPLANKTON INFLUENCES ON TROPICAL CLIMATE Timmermann, Axel; Jin, Fei-Fei Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015434	journal	December 2002
Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom Dentener, F.; Kinne, S.; Bond, T. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4321-2006	journal	January 2006
Weak response of oceanic dimethylsulfide to upper mixing shoaling induced by global warming Vallina, S. M.; Simo, R.; Manizza, M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700843104	journal	September 2007
An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean: UPDATED DMS CLIMATOLOGY Lana, A.; Bell, T. G.; Simó, R. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003850	journal	January 2011
Global simulations of the impact on contemporary climate of a perturbation to the sea-to-air flux of dimethylsulfide Gabric, A.; Qu, B.; Rotstayn, L. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6303.002	journal	September 2013
Biospheric Primary Production During an ENSO Transition Behrenfeld, M. J. Science, Vol. 291, Issue 5513 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1055071	journal	March 2001
Changes in dimethyl sulfide oceanic distribution due to climate change: OCEANIC DMS AND CLIMATE CHANGE Cameron-Smith, Philip; Elliott, Scott; Maltrud, Mathew Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047069	journal	April 2011
Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification Six, Katharina D.; Kloster, Silvia; Ilyina, Tatiana Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1981	journal	August 2013
Impact of ocean color on the maintenance of the Pacific Cold Tongue Anderson, W. G.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Hallberg, R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030100	journal	January 2007
Coherence between seasonal cycles of dimethyl sulphide, methanesulphonate and sulphate in marine air Ayers, G. P.; Ivey, J. P.; Gillett, R. W. Nature, Vol. 349, Issue 6308 https://doi.org/10.1038/349404a0	journal	January 1991
Aqueous-phase chemical processes in deliquescent sea-salt aerosols: A mechanism that couples the atmospheric cycles of S and sea salt Chameides, W. L.; Stelson, A. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, Issue D18 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD01923	journal	January 1992
Toward an Earth system model: atmospheric chemistry, coupling, and petascale computing Cameron-Smith, P.; Lamarque, J-F; Connell, P. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 46 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/46/1/048	journal	September 2006
Biophysical Feedbacks in the Tropical Pacific Marzeion, Ben; Timmermann, Axel; Murtugudde, Ragu Journal of Climate, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3261.1	journal	January 2005
The University of Washington Shallow Convection and Moist Turbulence Schemes and Their Impact on Climate Simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model Park, Sungsu; Bretherton, Christopher S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2557.1	journal	June 2009
Pollution and the planetary albedo Twomey, S. Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3	journal	December 1974
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate Charlson, Robert J.; Lovelock, James E.; Andreae, Meinrat O. Nature, Vol. 326, Issue 6114 https://doi.org/10.1038/326655a0	journal	April 1987
DMS cycle in the marine ocean-atmosphere system – a global model study Kloster, S.; Feichter, J.; Maier-Reimer, E. Biogeosciences, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-29-2006	journal	January 2006
Interannual to decadal climate variability of sea salt aerosols in the coupled climate model CESM1.0: Climate variability of sea salt aerosols Xu, Li; Pierce, David W.; Russell, Lynn M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022888	journal	February 2015
Forecast Verification Wilks, D. S. International Geophysics https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385022-5.00008-7	book	January 2011

Cited By (2)

An ENSO-induced aerosol dipole in the west-central Pacific and its potential feedback to ENSO evolution Xu, Li; Yu, Jin-Yi Climate Dynamics, Vol. 52, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4435-5	journal	September 2018
Climate Feedback on Aerosol Emission and Atmospheric Concentrations Tegen, Ina; Schepanski, Kerstin Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0086-1	journal	January 2018

Similar Records

Impacts of ENSO events on cloud radiative effects in preindustrial conditions: Changes in cloud fraction and their dependence on interactive aerosol emissions and concentrations

Journal Article · Thu May 19 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · OSTI ID:1343183

Yang, Yang; Russell, Lynn M.; Xu, Li; +12 more

Changes in Sea Salt Emissions Enhance ENSO Variability

Journal Article · Tue Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Journal of Climate · OSTI ID:1343183

Yang, Yang; Russell, Lynn M.; Lou, Sijia; +4 more

Modulation of hydroxyl variability by ENSO in the absence of external forcing

Journal Article · Mon Aug 20 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · OSTI ID:1343183

Turner, Alexander J.; Fung, Inez; Naik, Vaishali; +2 more

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES
dimethyl sulfide
DMS
ENSO
El Nino-Southern Oscillation
sulfate aerosol
cloud

Title: DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics

Citation Formats

References (70)

Cited By (2)

Similar Records

Related Subjects