A review of defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors [Defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors studied by experiment and theory]
Abstract
Defects are critical to understanding the electronic properties of semiconducting compounds, for applications such as light-emitting diodes, transistors, photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics. In this review, we describe our work investigating defects in tetrahedrally bonded, multinary semiconductors, and discuss the place of our research within the context of publications by other groups. We applied experimental and theory techniques to understand point defects, structural disorder, and extended antisite defects in one semiconductor of interest for photovoltaic applications, Cu2SnS3. We contrast our findings on Cu2SnS3 with other chemically related Cu-Sn-S compounds, as well as structurally related compounds such as Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We find that evaluation of point defects alone is not sufficient to understand defect behavior in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors. In the case of Cu2SnS3 and Cu2ZnSnS4, structural disorder and entropy-driven cation clustering can result in nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities which detrimentally impact the electronic transport. Therefore, it is not sufficient to assess only the point defect behavior of new multinary tetrahedrally bonded compounds; effects such as structural disorder and extended antisite defects must also be considered. Altogether, this review provides a framework for evaluating tetrahedrally bonded semiconducting compounds with respect to their defect behavior for photovoltaic and other applications, and suggests newmore »
- Authors:
-
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1335216
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1331714
- Report Number(s):
- NREL/JA-5K00-66840
Journal ID: ISSN 0268-1242
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC36-08GO28308
- Resource Type:
- Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Semiconductor Science and Technology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 31; Journal Issue: 12; Journal ID: ISSN 0268-1242
- Publisher:
- IOP Publishing
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 14 SOLAR ENERGY; 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; thin film deposition; density functional theory; Earth abundant materials; next generation photovoltaics; compound semiconductors; point defects; cation site disorder
Citation Formats
Baranowski, Lauryn L., Zawadzki, Pawel, Lany, Stephan, Toberer, Eric S., and Zakutayev, Andriy. A review of defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors [Defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors studied by experiment and theory]. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/31/12/123004.
Baranowski, Lauryn L., Zawadzki, Pawel, Lany, Stephan, Toberer, Eric S., & Zakutayev, Andriy. A review of defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors [Defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors studied by experiment and theory]. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/31/12/123004
Baranowski, Lauryn L., Zawadzki, Pawel, Lany, Stephan, Toberer, Eric S., and Zakutayev, Andriy. 2016.
"A review of defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors [Defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors studied by experiment and theory]". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/31/12/123004. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1335216.
@article{osti_1335216,
title = {A review of defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors [Defects and disorder in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors studied by experiment and theory]},
author = {Baranowski, Lauryn L. and Zawadzki, Pawel and Lany, Stephan and Toberer, Eric S. and Zakutayev, Andriy},
abstractNote = {Defects are critical to understanding the electronic properties of semiconducting compounds, for applications such as light-emitting diodes, transistors, photovoltaics, and thermoelectrics. In this review, we describe our work investigating defects in tetrahedrally bonded, multinary semiconductors, and discuss the place of our research within the context of publications by other groups. We applied experimental and theory techniques to understand point defects, structural disorder, and extended antisite defects in one semiconductor of interest for photovoltaic applications, Cu2SnS3. We contrast our findings on Cu2SnS3 with other chemically related Cu-Sn-S compounds, as well as structurally related compounds such as Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We find that evaluation of point defects alone is not sufficient to understand defect behavior in multinary tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors. In the case of Cu2SnS3 and Cu2ZnSnS4, structural disorder and entropy-driven cation clustering can result in nanoscale compositional inhomogeneities which detrimentally impact the electronic transport. Therefore, it is not sufficient to assess only the point defect behavior of new multinary tetrahedrally bonded compounds; effects such as structural disorder and extended antisite defects must also be considered. Altogether, this review provides a framework for evaluating tetrahedrally bonded semiconducting compounds with respect to their defect behavior for photovoltaic and other applications, and suggests new materials that may not be as prone to such imperfections.},
doi = {10.1088/0268-1242/31/12/123004},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1335216},
journal = {Semiconductor Science and Technology},
issn = {0268-1242},
number = 12,
volume = 31,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Nov 10 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Thu Nov 10 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Non-toxic, earth-abundant 2% efficient Cu2SnS3 solar cell based on tetragonal films direct-coated from single metal-organic precursor solution
journal, June 2013
- Tiwari, Devendra; Chaudhuri, Tapas K.; Shripathi, T.
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 113
Loss mechanisms in hydrazine-processed Cu2ZnSn(Se,S)4 solar cells
journal, December 2010
- Gunawan, Oki; Todorov, Teodor K.; Mitzi, David B.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 23
Review of recent developments in amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor devices
journal, January 2012
- Park, Joon Seok; Maeng, Wan-Joo; Kim, Hyun-Suk
- Thin Solid Films, Vol. 520, Issue 6
Band gap change induced by defect complexes in Cu2ZnSnS4
journal, May 2013
- Huang, Dan; Persson, Clas
- Thin Solid Films, Vol. 535
A comparative X-ray absorption near-edge structure study of bornite, Cu5FeS4, and chalcopyrite, CuFeS2
journal, January 2005
- Mikhlin, Yuri; Tomashevich, Yevgeny; Tauson, Vladimir
- Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 142, Issue 1
Anion vacancies as a source of persistent photoconductivity in II-VI and chalcopyrite semiconductors
journal, July 2005
- Lany, Stephan; Zunger, Alex
- Physical Review B, Vol. 72, Issue 3
Fabrication of Cu 2 SnS 3 thin films by sulfurization of evaporated Cu-Sn precursors for solar cells
journal, May 2013
- Aihara, Naoya; Araki, Hideaki; Takeuchi, Akiko
- physica status solidi (c), Vol. 10, Issue 7-8
Thin-film Sb2Se3 photovoltaics with oriented one-dimensional ribbons and benign grain boundaries
journal, May 2015
- Zhou, Ying; Wang, Liang; Chen, Shiyou
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Magnetic properties and cation ordering of nanopowders of the synthetic analogue of kuramite, Cu3SnS4
journal, March 2011
- Benedetto, Francesco Di; Borrini, Daniele; Caneschi, Andrea
- Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 38, Issue 6
Raman analysis of monoclinic Cu 2 SnS 3 thin films
journal, May 2012
- Berg, Dominik M.; Djemour, Rabie; Gütay, Levent
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 19
Hexagonal Cu2SnS3 with metallic character: Another category of conducting sulfides
journal, October 2007
- Wu, Changzheng; Hu, Zhenpeng; Wang, Chengle
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 14
Control of Doping in Cu 2 SnS 3 through Defects and Alloying
journal, August 2014
- Baranowski, Lauryn L.; Zawadzki, Pawel; Christensen, Steven
- Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 17
Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of tetragonal Cu2SnS3 nanoparticles for solar photovoltaics
journal, May 2014
- Tiwari, Devendra; Chaudhuri, Tapas K.; Shripathi, T.
- Applied Physics A, Vol. 117, Issue 3
The crystal structure of kesterite type compounds: A neutron and X-ray diffraction study
journal, June 2011
- Schorr, Susan
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 95, Issue 6
Formation of Cu2SnS3 thin film by the heat treatment of electrodeposited SnS–Cu layers
journal, July 2013
- Mathews, N. R.; Tamy Benítez, J.; Paraguay-Delgado, F.
- Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 24, Issue 10
Spectroscopy of lattice defects in tetrahedral II-VI compounds
journal, August 1995
- Allen, J. W.
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue 8
Preparation and characterization of Cu 2 SnS 3 ternary semiconductor nanostructures via the spray pyrolysis technique for photovoltaic applications
journal, February 2012
- Adelifard, Mehdi; Bagheri Mohagheghi, Mohamad Mehdi; Eshghi, Hosein
- Physica Scripta, Vol. 85, Issue 3
Convergence of density and hybrid functional defect calculations for compound semiconductors
journal, September 2013
- Peng, Haowei; Scanlon, David O.; Stevanovic, Vladan
- Physical Review B, Vol. 88, Issue 11
Self-regulated growth and tunable properties of CuSbS2 solar absorbers
journal, January 2015
- Welch, Adam W.; Zawadzki, Pawel P.; Lany, Stephan
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 132
Defect physics of the kesterite thin-film solar cell absorber Cu2ZnSnS4
journal, January 2010
- Chen, Shiyou; Gong, X. G.; Walsh, Aron
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 96, Issue 2, Article No. 021902
Solar energy conversion properties and defect physics of ZnSiP 2
journal, January 2016
- Martinez, Aaron D.; Warren, Emily L.; Gorai, Prashun
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Cu[sub 2]SnS[sub 3] and Cu[sub 4]SnS[sub 4] Thin Films via Chemical Deposition for Photovoltaic Application
journal, January 2010
- Avellaneda, David; Nair, M. T. S.; Nair, P. K.
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 157, Issue 6
Recombination in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells containing ordered vacancy compound phases
journal, November 2013
- Cho, Yunae; Kim, Dong-Wook; Ahn, SeJin
- Thin Solid Films, Vol. 546
Growth of Cu2SnS3 thin films by solid reaction under sulphur atmosphere
journal, February 2011
- Bouaziz, M.; Ouerfelli, J.; Srivastava, S. K.
- Vacuum, Vol. 85, Issue 8
Prospects and performance limitations for Cu-Zn-Sn-S-Se photovoltaic technology
journal, July 2013
- Mitzi, D. B.; Gunawan, O.; Todorov, T. K.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 371, Issue 1996, Article No. 20110432
The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air
journal, May 2006
- Goh, Siew Wei; Buckley, Alan N.; Lamb, Robert N.
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, Issue 9
Thin Film Deposition Methods for CuInSe 2 Solar Cells
journal, March 2005
- Kemell, Marianna; Ritala, Mikko; Leskelä, Markku
- Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 1
Study and enhance the photovoltaic properties of narrow-bandgap Cu2SnS3 solar cell by p–n junction interface modification
journal, June 2012
- Chen, Qinmiao; Dou, Xiaoming; Ni, Yi
- Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 376, Issue 1
Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45): Solar cell efficiency tables
journal, December 2014
- Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro
- Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 23, Issue 1
Structural, morphological and optical properties of Cu2SnS3 thin film synthesized by spin coating technique
journal, March 2014
- Dahman, H.; Rabaoui, S.; Alyamani, A.
- Vacuum, Vol. 101
Structural and optical properties of Cu2SnS3 sprayed thin films
journal, February 2009
- Bouaziz, M.; Amlouk, M.; Belgacem, S.
- Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, Issue 7
Accelerated development of CuSbS 2 thin film photovoltaic device prototypes : Accelerated development of CuSbS
journal, February 2016
- Welch, Adam W.; Baranowski, Lauryn L.; Zawadzki, Pawel
- Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 7
Towards sustainable photovoltaics: the search for new materials
journal, May 2011
- Peter, L. M.
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 369, Issue 1942
Solar-energy conversion and light emission in an atomic monolayer p–n diode
journal, March 2014
- Pospischil, Andreas; Furchi, Marco M.; Mueller, Thomas
- Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 4
Band tailing and efficiency limitation in kesterite solar cells
journal, September 2013
- Gokmen, Tayfun; Gunawan, Oki; Todorov, Teodor K.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 10
Cu2SnS3 as a potential absorber for thin film solar cells
conference, January 2012
- Tiwari, Devendra; Chaudhuri, T. K.; Shripathi, T.
- SOLID STATE PHYSICS: Proceedings of the 56th DAE Solid State Physics Symposium 2011, AIP Conference Proceedings
Kuramite, Cu 3 SnS 4 , a new mineral of the stannite group
journal, March 1981
- Kovalenker, V. A.
- International Geology Review, Vol. 23, Issue 3
Combinatorial insights into doping control and transport properties of zinc tin nitride
journal, January 2015
- Fioretti, Angela N.; Zakutayev, Andriy; Moutinho, Helio
- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 3, Issue 42
Stability Issues of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 -Based Solar Cells
journal, May 2000
- Guillemoles, Jean-François; Kronik, Leeor; Cahen, David
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 104, Issue 20
A low-temperature order-disorder transition in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin films
journal, January 2014
- Scragg, Jonathan J. S.; Choubrac, Léo; Lafond, Alain
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 4
Preparation of Cu 2 Sn 3 S 7 Thin-Film Using a Three-Step Bake-Sulfurization-Sintering Process and Film Characterization
journal, January 2015
- Lui, Tai-Hsiang; Hung, Fei-Yi; Lui, Truan-Sheng
- Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2015
Device Characteristics of CZTSSe Thin-Film Solar Cells with 12.6% Efficiency
journal, November 2013
- Wang, Wei; Winkler, Mark T.; Gunawan, Oki
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 7, Article No. 1301465
Copper(II) sulfide?
journal, February 2006
- Goh, Siew Wei; Buckley, Alan N.; Lamb, Robert N.
- Minerals Engineering, Vol. 19, Issue 2
Cu 2 SnS 3 thin film solar cells prepared by thermal crystallization of evaporated Cu/Sn precursors in sulfur and tin atmosphere: Cu 2 SnS 3 thin film solar cells prepared by thermal crystallization of evaporated Cu/Sn precursors in sulfur and tin atmosphere
journal, March 2015
- Nakashima, M.; Yamaguchi, T.; Itani, H.
- physica status solidi (c), Vol. 12, Issue 6
Fabrication of ternary Cu–Sn–S sulfides by a modified successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method
journal, January 2012
- Su, Zhenghua; Sun, Kaiwen; Han, Zili
- Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 32
Semipolar GaN grown on foreign substrates: a review
journal, January 2012
- Scholz, F.
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 27, Issue 2
The role of structural properties on deep defect states in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy
journal, September 2012
- Grossberg, M.; Krustok, J.; Raudoja, J.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 10
Single defect centres in diamond: A review
journal, October 2006
- Jelezko, F.; Wrachtrup, J.
- physica status solidi (a), Vol. 203, Issue 13
Fabrication of Cu2SnS3 thin film solar cells using pulsed laser deposition technique
journal, July 2015
- Vanalakar, S. A.; Agawane, G. L.; Kamble, A. S.
- Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 138
Evaluation of photovoltaic materials within the Cu-Sn-S family
journal, December 2013
- Zawadzki, Pawel; Baranowski, Lauryn L.; Peng, Haowei
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 25
A study of ternary Cu 2 SnS 3 and Cu 3 SnS 4 thin films prepared by sulfurizing stacked metal precursors
journal, May 2010
- Fernandes, P. A.; Salomé, P. M. P.; Cunha, A. F. da
- Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 21
Cu-Zn disorder and band gap fluctuations in Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 : Theoretical and experimental investigations : Cu-Zn disorder and band gap fluctuations in Cu
journal, September 2015
- Scragg, Jonathan J. S.; Larsen, Jes K.; Kumar, Mukesh
- physica status solidi (b), Vol. 253, Issue 2
Investigations of the electrical properties in CuInSe 2 and the related ordered vacancy compounds
journal, May 2004
- Philip, Rachel Reena; Pradeep, B.; Okram, G. S.
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 7
Structural and optical properties of Cu2SnS3 and Cu3SnS4 thin films by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction
journal, November 2012
- Guan, Hao; Shen, Honglie; Gao, Chao
- Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 24, Issue 5
Individual defects at the Si:SiO 2 interface
journal, December 1989
- Kirton, M. J.; Uren, M. J.; Collins, S.
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 12
Examination of the proposition that Cu(II) can be required for charge neutrality in a sulfide lattice — Cu in tetrahedrites and sphalerite
journal, October 2007
- Buckley, Alan N.; Skinner, William M.; Harmer, Sarah L.
- Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 85, Issue 10
Photovoltaic characteristics of thin films of Cu2SnS3
journal, August 1987
- Kuku, Titilayo A.; Fakolujo, Olaosebikan A.
- Solar Energy Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 1-3
The vibrational properties study of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystals by using polarization dependent Raman spectroscopy
journal, January 2013
- Dumcenco, Dumitru; Huang, Ying-Sheng
- Optical Materials, Vol. 35, Issue 3
Photoluminescence characterization of a high-efficiency Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 device
journal, October 2013
- Gershon, Talia; Shin, Byungha; Bojarczuk, Nestor
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 114, Issue 15
Kesterite Thin-Film Solar Cells: Advances in Materials Modelling of Cu2ZnSnS4
journal, March 2012
- Walsh, Aron; Chen, Shiyou; Wei, Su-Huai
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 4
Thin film solar cells based on the ternary compound Cu2SnS3
journal, July 2012
- Berg, Dominik M.; Djemour, Rabie; Gütay, Levent
- Thin Solid Films, Vol. 520, Issue 19
Cu x SnS x+1 (x = 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
journal, January 2010
- Fernandes, P. A.; Salomé, P. M. P.; da Cunha, A. F.
- physica status solidi (c)
Effects of Ga addition to CuInSe2 on its electronic, structural, and defect properties
journal, June 1998
- Wei, Su-Huai; Zhang, S. B.; Zunger, Alex
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 72, Issue 24
Exciton luminescence from Cu 2 SnS 3 bulk crystals
journal, February 2016
- Aihara, Naoya; Matsumoto, Yusuke; Tanaka, Kunihiko
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 9
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of Si-SiO 2 interface defects
journal, December 1989
- Brower, K. L.
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 12
HgCdTe status review with emphasis on correlations, native defects and diffusion
journal, December 1991
- Sher, A.; Berding, M. A.; Schilfgaarde, M. van
- Semiconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 12C
Defect physics of the chalcopyrite semiconductor
journal, April 1998
- Zhang, S. B.; Wei, Su-Huai; Zunger, Alex
- Physical Review B, Vol. 57, Issue 16
Semiconductor thermochemistry in density functional calculations
journal, December 2008
- Lany, Stephan
- Physical Review B, Vol. 78, Issue 24
Comparative study of the luminescence and intrinsic point defects in the kesterite CuZnSnS and chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se thin films used in photovoltaic applications
journal, October 2011
- Romero, Manuel J.; Du, Hui; Teeter, Glenn
- Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 16, Article No. 165324
Intrinsic point defects and complexes in the quaternary kesterite semiconductor
journal, June 2010
- Chen, Shiyou; Yang, Ji-Hui; Gong, X. G.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 24
Defect formation and phase stability of photovoltaic material
journal, March 2010
- Nagoya, Akihiro; Asahi, Ryoji; Wahl, Roman
- Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 11
Entropy-Driven Clustering in Tetrahedrally Bonded Multinary Materials
journal, March 2015
- Zawadzki, Paweł; Zakutayev, Andriy; Lany, Stephan
- Physical Review Applied, Vol. 3, Issue 3
Phase relations and optical properties of semiconducting ternary sulfides in the system Cu–Sn–S
journal, September 2003
- Fiechter, S.; Martinez, M.; Schmidt, G.
- Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 64, Issue 9-10
Preparation of Cu$_{2}$SnS$_{3}$ Thin Films by Sulfurization of Cu/Sn Stacked Precursors
journal, October 2012
- Chino, Kotaro; Koike, Junpei; Eguchi, Shinya
- Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51
Cu$_{2}$SnS$_{3}$ Thin-Film Solar Cells from Electroplated Precursors
journal, October 2012
- Koike, Junpei; Chino, Kotaro; Aihara, Naoya
- Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51
Cu 2 Sn 1- x Ge x S 3 ( x = 0.17) Thin-Film Solar Cells with High Conversion Efficiency of 6.0%
journal, April 2013
- Umehara, Mitsutaro; Takeda, Yasuhiko; Motohiro, Tomoyoshi
- Applied Physics Express, Vol. 6, Issue 4
VESTA : a three-dimensional visualization system for electronic and structural analysis
journal, May 2008
- Momma, Koichi; Izumi, Fujio
- Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 41, Issue 3
Structural diversity and electronic properties of Cu Sn ( , Se): A first-principles investigation
journal, August 2011
- Zhai, Ying-Teng; Chen, Shiyou; Yang, Ji-Hui
- Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 7
Defect physics of ( , Se, Te) -type transparent conductors
journal, November 2010
- Zakutayev, A.; Tate, J.; Schneider, G.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 82, Issue 19
Photoluminescence and electrical study of fluctuating potentials in Cu ZnSnS -based thin films
journal, July 2011
- Leitão, J. P.; Santos, N. M.; Fernandes, P. A.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 2
Effects of Disorder on Carrier Transport in
journal, October 2015
- Baranowski, Lauryn L.; McLaughlin, Kevin; Zawadzki, Pawel
- Physical Review Applied, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Classical generalization of the Drude formula for the optical conductivity
journal, September 2001
- Smith, N.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 64, Issue 15
Extended antisite defects in tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors
journal, November 2015
- Zawadzki, Paweł; Zakutayev, Andriy; Lany, Stephan
- Physical Review B, Vol. 92, Issue 20
Cu x-ray absorption and the electronic structure of nonstoichiometric
journal, July 2002
- van der Laan, G.; Pattrick, R. A. D.; Charnock, J. M.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 66, Issue 4
Oxidation state variations in copper minerals studied with Cu 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy
journal, September 1992
- van der Laan, G.; Pattrick, R. A. D.; Henderson, C. M. B.
- Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 53, Issue 9
Surface oxidation of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) under ambient atmospheric and aqueous (pH 2-10) conditions: Cu, Fe L- and O K-edge X-ray spectroscopy
journal, June 2003
- Todd, E. C.; Sherman, D. M.; Purton, J. A.
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, Issue 12
CuSbSe 2 photovoltaic devices with 3% efficiency
journal, July 2015
- Welch, Adam W.; Baranowski, Lauryn L.; Zawadzki, Pawel
- Applied Physics Express, Vol. 8, Issue 8
Photovoltaic Characteristics Of Thin Films Of Cu2SnS3
conference, September 1986
- Kuku, Titilayo A.; Fakolujo, Olaosebikan A.
- 1986 International Symposium/Innsbruck, SPIE Proceedings
Cu 2 SnS 3 Thin-Film Solar Cells from Electroplated Precursors
journal, October 2012
- Koike, Junpei; Chino, Kotaro; Aihara, Naoya
- Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 10S
Preparation of Cu 2 SnS 3 Thin Films by Sulfurization of Cu/Sn Stacked Precursors
journal, October 2012
- Chino, Kotaro; Koike, Junpei; Eguchi, Shinya
- Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 10S
Solar-energy conversion and light emission in an atomic monolayer p-n diode
text, January 2013
- Pospischil, Andreas; Furchi, Marco M.; Mueller, Thomas
- arXiv
Effects of disorder on carrier transport in Cu$_2$SnS$_3$
preprint, January 2015
- Baranowski, Lauryn L.; McLaughlin, Kevin; Zawadzki, Pawel
- arXiv
Combinatorial Insights into Doping Control and Transport Properties of Zinc Tin Nitride
text, January 2015
- Fioretti, Angela N.; Zakutayev, Andriy; Moutinho, Helio
- arXiv
Solar energy conversion properties and defect physics of ZnSiP$_2$
text, January 2015
- Martinez, Aaron D.; Warren, Emily L.; Gorai, Prashun
- arXiv
Anion vacancies as a source of persistent photoconductivity in II-VI and chalcopyrite semiconductors
text, January 2005
- Lany, S.; Zunger, A.
- arXiv
Works referencing / citing this record:
Research Update: Emerging chalcostibite absorbers for thin-film solar cells
journal, August 2018
- de Souza Lucas, Francisco Willian; Zakutayev, Andriy
- APL Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 8
Raman characterization of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 nanocrystals: phonon confinement effect and formation of Cu x S phases
journal, January 2018
- Havryliuk, Ye.; Valakh, M. Ya.; Dzhagan, V.
- RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 54
Raman study of flash-lamp annealed aqueous Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 nanocrystals
journal, January 2019
- Havryliuk, Yevhenii; Selyshchev, Oleksandr; Valakh, Mykhailo
- Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol. 10