The Year Leading to a Supereruption

Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Sutton, Stephen R.; Schmitt, ed., Axel K.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159200

Title: The Year Leading to a Supereruption

Abstract

Supereruptions catastrophically eject 100s-1000s of km³ of magma to the surface in a matter of days to a few months. In this study, we use zoning in quartz crystals from the Bishop Tuff (California) to assess the timescales over which a giant magma body transitions from relatively quiescent, pre-eruptive crystallization to rapid decompression and eruption. Quartz crystals in the Bishop Tuff have distinctive rims (<200 μm thick), which are Ti-rich and bright in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and which can be used to calculate Ti diffusional relaxation times. We use synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence to obtain quantitative Ti maps and profiles along rim-interior contacts in quartz at resolutions of 1–5 μm in each linear dimension. We perform CL imaging on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a low-energy (5 kV) incident beam to characterize these contacts in high resolution (<1 μm in linear dimensions). Quartz growth times were determined using a 1D model for Ti diffusion, assuming initial step functions. Minimum quartz growth rates were calculated using these calculated growth times and measured rim thicknesses. Maximum rim growth times span from ~1 min to 35 years, with a median of ~4 days. More than 70% of rim growth times are less thanmore »« less

Authors:: Gualda, Guilherme A. R.; Sutton, Stephen R.; Schmitt, ed., Axel K.

Publication Date:: Wed Jul 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Chicago Univ.

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1337462

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1326680

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-94ER14466; AC02-06CH11357; EAR-1151337; EAR-1128799

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Published Article

Journal Name:: PLoS ONE

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: PLoS ONE Journal Volume: 11 Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1932-6203

Publisher:: Public Library of Science (PLoS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Gualda, Guilherme A. R., Sutton, Stephen R., and Schmitt, ed., Axel K. The Year Leading to a Supereruption.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
        Web.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159200.

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                    Gualda, Guilherme A. R., Sutton, Stephen R., & Schmitt, ed., Axel K. The Year Leading to a Supereruption.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159200

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                    Gualda, Guilherme A. R., Sutton, Stephen R., and Schmitt, ed., Axel K. 2016.  
        "The Year Leading to a Supereruption".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159200.

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@article{osti_1337462,

  title        = {The Year Leading to a Supereruption},

  author       = {Gualda, Guilherme A. R. and Sutton, Stephen R. and Schmitt, ed., Axel K.},

  abstractNote = {Supereruptions catastrophically eject 100s-1000s of km3 of magma to the surface in a matter of days to a few months. In this study, we use zoning in quartz crystals from the Bishop Tuff (California) to assess the timescales over which a giant magma body transitions from relatively quiescent, pre-eruptive crystallization to rapid decompression and eruption. Quartz crystals in the Bishop Tuff have distinctive rims (<200 μm thick), which are Ti-rich and bright in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and which can be used to calculate Ti diffusional relaxation times. We use synchrotron-based x-ray microfluorescence to obtain quantitative Ti maps and profiles along rim-interior contacts in quartz at resolutions of 1–5 μm in each linear dimension. We perform CL imaging on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using a low-energy (5 kV) incident beam to characterize these contacts in high resolution (<1 μm in linear dimensions). Quartz growth times were determined using a 1D model for Ti diffusion, assuming initial step functions. Minimum quartz growth rates were calculated using these calculated growth times and measured rim thicknesses. Maximum rim growth times span from ~1 min to 35 years, with a median of ~4 days. More than 70% of rim growth times are less than 1 year, showing that quartz rims have mostly grown in the days to months prior to eruption. Minimum growth rates show distinct modes between 10-8 and 10-10 m/s (depending on sample), revealing very fast crystal growth rates (100s of nm to 10s of μm per day). Our data show that quartz rims grew well within a year of eruption, with most of the growth happening in the weeks or days preceding eruption. Growth took place under conditions of high supersaturation, suggesting that rim growth marks the onset of decompression and the transition from pre-eruptive to syn-eruptive conditions.},

  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0159200},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1337462},
  journal      = {PLoS ONE},

  issn         = {1932-6203},

  number       = 7,

  volume       = 11,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jul 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Wed Jul 20 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Title: The Year Leading to a Supereruption

Abstract

Citation Formats

Timescales of Magma Recharge and Reactivation of Large Silicic Systems from Ti Diffusion in Quartz journal, April 2012

The titanium-in-quartz (TitaniQ) thermobarometer: A critical examination and re-calibration journal, May 2012

Ti diffusion in quartz journal, January 2007

New Perspectives on the Bishop Tuff from Zircon Textures, Ages and Trace Elements journal, December 2013

Zoned quartz phenocrysts from the rhyolitic Bishop Tuff journal, September 2001

Fragmentation, nucleation and migration of crystals and bubbles in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma journal, March 2004

TitaniQ: a titanium-in-quartz geothermometer journal, September 2006

The Bishop Tuff giant magma body: an alternative to the Standard Model journal, August 2013

Micro-analytical Perspectives on the Bishop Tuff and its Magma Chamber journal, March 2015

Rapid remobilization of magmatic crystals kept in cold storage journal, February 2014

A comment on: ‘TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz’, by Jay B. Thomas, E. Bruce Watson, Frank S. Spear, Philip T. Shemella, Saroj K. Nayak and Antonio Lanzirotti journal, May 2012

Magmatic processes in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma based on trace elements in melt inclusions and pumice matrix glass journal, September 2012

Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815 journal, June 2003

Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems journal, June 2006

The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions journal, June 2006

Ascent-driven crystallisation of dacite magmas at Mount St Helens, 1980–1986 journal, March 2001

The effects of magma flux variations on the formation and lifetime of large silicic magma chambers: EFFECTS OF MAGMA FLUX VARIATIONS journal, March 2013

The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers book, January 1979

Evolution of Bishop Tuff Rhyolitic Magma Based on Melt and Magnetite Inclusions and Zoned Phenocrysts journal, March 2000

Low-Pressure Origin of High-Silica Rhyolites and Granites journal, September 2013

Compositional Zoning of the Bishop Tuff journal, March 2007

Gradients in H 2 O, CO 2 , and exsolved gas in a large-volume silicic magma system: Interpreting the record preserved in melt inclusions from the Bishop Tuff journal, September 1999

Phase-equilibrium geobarometers for silicic rocks based on rhyolite-MELTS—Part 3: Application to the Peach Spring Tuff (Arizona–California–Nevada, USA) journal, March 2015

Supervolcanoes and Their Explosive Supereruptions journal, February 2008

Timescales of Quartz Crystallization and the Longevity of the Bishop Giant Magma Body journal, May 2012

The U–Th–Pb systematics of zircon from the Bishop Tuff: A case study in challenges to high-precision Pb/U geochronology at the millennial scale journal, November 2015

Lead isotopes by LA-MC-ICPMS: Tracking the emergence of mantle signatures in an evolving silicic magma system journal, April 2007

Crystallization Stages of the Bishop Tuff Magma Body Recorded in Crystal Textures in Pumice Clasts journal, January 2012

The Bishop Tuff: New Insights From Eruptive Stratigraphy journal, July 1997

TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz journal, March 2010

The water-undersaturated and dry Qz-Ab-Or system revisited. Experimental results at very low water activities and geological implications journal, June 2001

A Nd, Sr and O isotopic investigation into the causes of chemical and isotopic zonation in the Bishop Tuff, California journal, June 1984

The pace of rhyolite differentiation and storage in an ‘archetypical’ silicic magma system, Long Valley, California journal, June 2005

Development of the Long Valley rhyolitic magma system: strontium and neodymium isotope evidence from glasses and individual phenocrysts journal, November 1998

Quantitative 3D petrography using x-ray tomography: Application to Bishop Tuff pumice clasts journal, June 2006

Melt inclusion shapes: Timekeepers of short-lived giant magma bodies journal, September 2015

Timescales of mixing and mobilisation in the Bishop Tuff magma body: perspectives from diffusion chronometry journal, July 2014

Chemical differentiation of the Bishop Tuff and other high-silica magmas through crystallization processes journal, January 1983

Cause of chemical zoning in the Bishop (California) and Bandelier (New Mexico) magma chambers journal, June 1992

Quantification of pre-eruptive exsolved gas contents in silicic magmas journal, October 1995

Extraction, Storage and Eruption of Multiple Isolated Magma Batches in the Paired Mamaku and Ohakuri Eruption, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand journal, July 2014

Quantitative 3D petrography using X-ray tomography 2: Combining information at various resolutions journal, December 2010

Rhyolite-MELTS: a Modified Calibration of MELTS Optimized for Silica-rich, Fluid-bearing Magmatic Systems journal, January 2012

Oxygen isotope study of the Long Valley magma system, California: isotope thermometry and convection in large silicic magma bodies journal, November 2002

Quartz zoning and the pre-eruptive evolution of the ~340-ka Whakamaru magma systems, New Zealand journal, June 2011

Volcanism, structure, and geochronology of Long Valley Caldera, Mono County, California journal, February 1976

Application of the Ti-in-quartz thermobarometer to rutile-free systems. Reply to: a comment on: ‘TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz’ by Thomas et al. journal, May 2012

The 26·5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body journal, August 2005

Pre-eruption recharge of the Bishop magma system journal, January 2007

Zircon-scale insights into the history of a Supervolcano, Bishop Tuff, Long Valley, California, with implications for the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer journal, May 2010

A Study of Cathodoluminescence and Trace Element Compositional Zoning in Natural Quartz from Volcanic Rocks: Mapping Titanium Content in Quartz journal, November 2012

U-Pb dating of zircon in the Bishop Tuff at the millennial scale journal, January 2007

Microfluorescence and Microtomography Analyses of Heterogeneous Earth and Environmental Materials journal, January 2002

TitaniQ recrystallized: experimental confirmation of the original Ti-in-quartz calibrations journal, February 2015

Timescales of Magma Recharge and Reactivation of Large Silicic Systems from Ti Diffusion in Quartz
journal, April 2012

The titanium-in-quartz (TitaniQ) thermobarometer: A critical examination and re-calibration
journal, May 2012

Ti diffusion in quartz
journal, January 2007

New Perspectives on the Bishop Tuff from Zircon Textures, Ages and Trace Elements
journal, December 2013

Zoned quartz phenocrysts from the rhyolitic Bishop Tuff
journal, September 2001

Fragmentation, nucleation and migration of crystals and bubbles in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma
journal, March 2004

TitaniQ: a titanium-in-quartz geothermometer
journal, September 2006

The Bishop Tuff giant magma body: an alternative to the Standard Model
journal, August 2013

Micro-analytical Perspectives on the Bishop Tuff and its Magma Chamber
journal, March 2015

Rapid remobilization of magmatic crystals kept in cold storage
journal, February 2014

A comment on: ‘TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz’, by Jay B. Thomas, E. Bruce Watson, Frank S. Spear, Philip T. Shemella, Saroj K. Nayak and Antonio Lanzirotti
journal, May 2012

Magmatic processes in the Bishop Tuff rhyolitic magma based on trace elements in melt inclusions and pumice matrix glass
journal, September 2012

Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815
journal, June 2003

Monitoring super-volcanoes: geophysical and geochemical signals at Yellowstone and other large caldera systems
journal, June 2006

The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions
journal, June 2006

Ascent-driven crystallisation of dacite magmas at Mount St Helens, 1980–1986
journal, March 2001

The effects of magma flux variations on the formation and lifetime of large silicic magma chambers: EFFECTS OF MAGMA FLUX VARIATIONS
journal, March 2013

The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers
book, January 1979

Evolution of Bishop Tuff Rhyolitic Magma Based on Melt and Magnetite Inclusions and Zoned Phenocrysts
journal, March 2000

Low-Pressure Origin of High-Silica Rhyolites and Granites
journal, September 2013

Compositional Zoning of the Bishop Tuff
journal, March 2007

Gradients in H ₂ O, CO ₂ , and exsolved gas in a large-volume silicic magma system: Interpreting the record preserved in melt inclusions from the Bishop Tuff
journal, September 1999

Phase-equilibrium geobarometers for silicic rocks based on rhyolite-MELTS—Part 3: Application to the Peach Spring Tuff (Arizona–California–Nevada, USA)
journal, March 2015

Supervolcanoes and Their Explosive Supereruptions
journal, February 2008

Timescales of Quartz Crystallization and the Longevity of the Bishop Giant Magma Body
journal, May 2012

The U–Th–Pb systematics of zircon from the Bishop Tuff: A case study in challenges to high-precision Pb/U geochronology at the millennial scale
journal, November 2015

Lead isotopes by LA-MC-ICPMS: Tracking the emergence of mantle signatures in an evolving silicic magma system
journal, April 2007

Crystallization Stages of the Bishop Tuff Magma Body Recorded in Crystal Textures in Pumice Clasts
journal, January 2012

The Bishop Tuff: New Insights From Eruptive Stratigraphy
journal, July 1997

TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz
journal, March 2010

The water-undersaturated and dry Qz-Ab-Or system revisited. Experimental results at very low water activities and geological implications
journal, June 2001

A Nd, Sr and O isotopic investigation into the causes of chemical and isotopic zonation in the Bishop Tuff, California
journal, June 1984

The pace of rhyolite differentiation and storage in an ‘archetypical’ silicic magma system, Long Valley, California
journal, June 2005

Development of the Long Valley rhyolitic magma system: strontium and neodymium isotope evidence from glasses and individual phenocrysts
journal, November 1998

Quantitative 3D petrography using x-ray tomography: Application to Bishop Tuff pumice clasts
journal, June 2006

Melt inclusion shapes: Timekeepers of short-lived giant magma bodies
journal, September 2015

Timescales of mixing and mobilisation in the Bishop Tuff magma body: perspectives from diffusion chronometry
journal, July 2014

Chemical differentiation of the Bishop Tuff and other high-silica magmas through crystallization processes
journal, January 1983

Cause of chemical zoning in the Bishop (California) and Bandelier (New Mexico) magma chambers
journal, June 1992

Quantification of pre-eruptive exsolved gas contents in silicic magmas
journal, October 1995

Extraction, Storage and Eruption of Multiple Isolated Magma Batches in the Paired Mamaku and Ohakuri Eruption, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
journal, July 2014

Quantitative 3D petrography using X-ray tomography 2: Combining information at various resolutions
journal, December 2010

Rhyolite-MELTS: a Modified Calibration of MELTS Optimized for Silica-rich, Fluid-bearing Magmatic Systems
journal, January 2012

Oxygen isotope study of the Long Valley magma system, California: isotope thermometry and convection in large silicic magma bodies
journal, November 2002

Quartz zoning and the pre-eruptive evolution of the ~340-ka Whakamaru magma systems, New Zealand
journal, June 2011

Volcanism, structure, and geochronology of Long Valley Caldera, Mono County, California
journal, February 1976

Application of the Ti-in-quartz thermobarometer to rutile-free systems. Reply to: a comment on: ‘TitaniQ under pressure: the effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz’ by Thomas et al.
journal, May 2012

The 26·5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body
journal, August 2005

Pre-eruption recharge of the Bishop magma system
journal, January 2007

Zircon-scale insights into the history of a Supervolcano, Bishop Tuff, Long Valley, California, with implications for the Ti-in-zircon geothermometer
journal, May 2010

A Study of Cathodoluminescence and Trace Element Compositional Zoning in Natural Quartz from Volcanic Rocks: Mapping Titanium Content in Quartz
journal, November 2012

U-Pb dating of zircon in the Bishop Tuff at the millennial scale
journal, January 2007

Microfluorescence and Microtomography Analyses of Heterogeneous Earth and Environmental Materials
journal, January 2002

TitaniQ recrystallized: experimental confirmation of the original Ti-in-quartz calibrations
journal, February 2015