skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: On the predominance of unstable atmospheric conditions in the marine boundary layer offshore of the U.S. northeastern coast

Journal Article · · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024896· OSTI ID:1287748
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [2]
  1. College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA
  2. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York USA

Abstract The marine boundary layer of the northeastern U.S. is studied with focus on wind speed, atmospheric stability, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), the three most relevant properties in the context of offshore wind power development. Two long‐term observational data sets are analyzed. The first one consists of multilevel meteorological variables measured up to 60 m during 2003–2011 at the offshore Cape Wind tower, located near the center of the Nantucket Sound. The second data set comes from the 2013–2014 IMPOWR campaign (Improving the Modeling and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources), in which wind and wave data were collected with new instruments on the Cape Wind platform, in addition to meteorological data measured during 19 flight missions offshore of New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. It is found that, in this region: (1) the offshore wind resource is remarkable, with monthly average wind speeds at 60 m exceeding 7 m s −1 all year round, highest winds in winter (10.1 m s −1 ) and lowest in summer (7.1 m s −1 ), and a distinct diurnal modulation, especially in summer; (2) the marine boundary layer is predominantly unstable (61% unstable vs. 21% neutral vs. 18% stable), meaning that mixing is strong, heat fluxes are positive, and the wind speed profile is often nonlogarithmic (~40% of the time); and (3) the shape of the wind speed profile (log versus nonlog) is an effective qualitative proxy for atmospheric stability, whereas TKE alone is not.

Research Organization:
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Wind Energy Technologies Office
Grant/Contract Number:
DE‐EE0005377; EE0005377
OSTI ID:
1287748
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1288989; OSTI ID: 1437641
Journal Information:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Journal Name: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 121 Journal Issue: 15; ISSN 2169-897X
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 33 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (46)

The influence of the wind speed profile on wind turbine performance measurements journal May 2009
Doppler Lidar–Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications journal February 2012
Doppler lidar measurements of the great plains low-level jet: applications to wind energy journal May 2008
Wind Shear and Turbulence Effects on Rotor Fatigue and Loads Control journal November 2003
Comparison of the atmospheric stability and wind profiles at two wind farm sites over a long marine fetch in the North Sea: Response load extrapolation for wind turbines journal February 2011
Wind Resource Assessment book May 2012
Mesoscale modeling of coastal low-level jets: implications for offshore wind resource estimation: Mesoscale modeling of coastal low-level jets journal May 2013
Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection journal January 2012
Improving the Mapping and Prediction of Offshore Wind Resources (IMPOWR): Experimental Overview and First Results journal August 2016
Unexpected vertical wind speed profiles in the boundary layer over the southern North Sea journal November 2014
Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms journal April 2001
The impact of turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability on power deficits due to wind turbine wakes at Horns Rev wind farm: Power deficits in offshore wind farms journal November 2011
Importance of thermal effects and sea surface roughness for offshore wind resource assessment journal September 2004
Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes journal May 1983
The modification of wind turbine performance by statistically distinct atmospheric regimes journal September 2012
Despiking Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Data journal January 2002
Crop Wind Energy Experiment (CWEX): Observations of Surface-Layer, Boundary Layer, and Mesoscale Interactions with a Wind Farm journal May 2013
Wind Shear and Uncertainties in Power Curve Measurement and Wind Resources journal October 2009
Influence of Atmospheric Stability on Wind Turbine Power Performance Curves journal February 2006
Ten Years of Meteorological Measurements for Offshore Wind Farms journal April 2005
An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology book January 1988
Experimental Characterization of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Havsul Area, Norway journal January 2013
Planetary gear load sharing of wind turbine drivetrains subjected to non-torque loads: Planetary gear load sharing journal March 2014
Evaluation of stability corrections in wind speed profiles over the North Sea journal April 1990
Assessing atmospheric stability and its impacts on rotor-disk wind characteristics at an onshore wind farm journal July 2011
Wind turbine power and sound in relation to atmospheric stability journal January 2008
Spatial and temporal distributions of U.S. winds and wind power at 80 m derived from measurements: FEASIBILITY OF U.S. WIND POWER journal May 2003
On the vertical structure and spectral characteristics of the marine Low-Level Jet journal January 2015
The influence of non-logarithmic wind speed profiles on potential power output at Danish offshore sites journal January 2005
Evaluation of global wind power journal January 2005
An Estimation of Turbulent Characteristics in the Low-Level Region of Intense Hurricanes Allen (1980) and Hugo (1989) journal May 2011
The effects of atmospheric stability on coastal wind climates journal March 1999
Wave Boundary Layer Turbulence over Surface Waves in a Strongly Forced Condition journal March 2015
Turbulence in the Atmosphere book January 2010
Investigating the Summertime Low-Level Jet Over the East Coast of the U.S.A.: A Case Study journal July 2013
Along-Coast Features of Bora-Related Turbulence journal February 2012
On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer journal March 2007
The Coupled Boundary Layers and Air–Sea Transfer Experiment in Low Winds journal March 2007
Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation journal January 1988
Another look at sonic thermometry journal September 1991
Low-Level Wind Maxima and Structure of the Stably Stratified Boundary Layer in the Coastal Zone journal February 2014
Research Aircraft and Wind Profiler Observations in Gastineau Channel during a Taku Wind Event* journal August 2006
The characteristics of turbulent velocity components in the surface layer under convective conditions journal May 1977
The near-neutral atmospheric surface layer: turbulence and non-stationarity
  • Metzger, M.; McKeon, B. J.; Holmes, H.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 365, Issue 1852 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1946
journal January 2007
Second-Moment Budgets and Mixing Intensity in the Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Thermally Heterogeneous Surfaces journal January 2016
Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layers above a Spectrum of Moving Waves journal November 2014