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Title: Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance

Abstract

Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors—in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3C 2, a member of the ‘MXene’ family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti 3AlC 2, a ‘MAX’ phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. In this paper, we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbidemore » ‘clay’ have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. In addition, this capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [1]
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  1. Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States). Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1286827
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature (London)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 516; Journal Issue: 7529; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 25 ENERGY STORAGE; Batteries; Two-dimensional materials Design; synthesis and processing

Citation Formats

Ghidiu, Michael, Lukatskaya, Maria R., Zhao, Meng-Qiang, Gogotsi, Yury G., and Barsoum, Michel W. Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1038/nature13970.
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Ghidiu, Michael, Lukatskaya, Maria R., Zhao, Meng-Qiang, Gogotsi, Yury G., & Barsoum, Michel W. Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance. United States. doi:10.1038/nature13970.
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Ghidiu, Michael, Lukatskaya, Maria R., Zhao, Meng-Qiang, Gogotsi, Yury G., and Barsoum, Michel W. Wed . "Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance". United States. doi:10.1038/nature13970. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1286827.
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@article{osti_1286827,
title = {Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance},
author = {Ghidiu, Michael and Lukatskaya, Maria R. and Zhao, Meng-Qiang and Gogotsi, Yury G. and Barsoum, Michel W.},
abstractNote = {Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors—in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2, a member of the ‘MXene’ family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti3AlC2, a ‘MAX’ phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. In this paper, we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide ‘clay’ have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. In addition, this capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.},
doi = {10.1038/nature13970},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7529,
volume = 516,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 26 00:00:00 EST 2014},
month = {Wed Nov 26 00:00:00 EST 2014}
}
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Journal Article:
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Publisher's Version of Record
DOI:  10.1038/nature13970
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Works referenced in this record:

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Synthesis of a new graphene-like transition metal carbide by de-intercalating Ti3AlC2
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Pseudocapacitive Contributions to Electrochemical Energy Storage in TiO2 (Anatase) Nanoparticles
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