Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance

Ghidiu, Michael; Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Zhao, Meng-Qiang; Gogotsi, Yury G.; Barsoum, Michel W.

doi:10.1038/nature13970

Title: Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’ with high volumetric capacitance

Journal Article · Wed Nov 26 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13970· OSTI ID:1286827

Ghidiu, Michael ^[1]; Lukatskaya, Maria R. ^[1]; Zhao, Meng-Qiang ^[1]; Gogotsi, Yury G. ^[1]; Barsoum, Michel W. ^[1]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States). Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute

Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors—in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂, a member of the ‘MXene’ family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti₃AlC₂, a ‘MAX’ phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. In this paper, we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide ‘clay’ have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. In addition, this capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1286827

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Vol. 516, Issue 7529; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 3468 works

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Integrating ultrathin and modified NiCoAl-layered double-hydroxide nanosheets with N-doped reduced graphene oxide for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors Liu, Fei; Chen, Yuyun; Liu, Ying Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02357g	journal	January 2019
A two-dimensional assembly of ultrafine cobalt oxide nanocrystallites anchored on single-layer Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets with enhanced lithium storage for Li-ion batteries Sun, Xuan; Tan, Ke; Liu, Yang Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04377b	journal	January 2019
Single molybdenum atom anchored on 2D Ti ₂ NO ₂ MXene as a promising electrocatalyst for N ₂ fixation Cheng, Yuwen; Dai, Jianhong; Song, Yan Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05402b	journal	January 2019
Improving the performance of a titanium carbide MXene in supercapacitors by partial oxidation treatment Zhang, Miao; Chen, Xifan; Sui, Jinyi Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qi01588d	journal	January 2020
Intercalation and delamination behavior of Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x and MnO ₂ /Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x /RGO flexible fibers with high volumetric capacitance Lu, Meng; Zhang, Zhiyan; Kang, Liping Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01993f	journal	January 2019
Pursuit of a high-capacity and long-life Mg-storage cathode by tailoring sandwich-structured MXene@carbon nanosphere composites Liu, Fanfan; Liu, Yongchang; Zhao, Xudong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02212k	journal	January 2019
Recent advances in exfoliation techniques of layered and non-layered materials for energy conversion and storage Tao, Pengcheng; Yao, Shan; Liu, Fangyan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06461c	journal	January 2019
Multilayer-structured transparent MXene/PVDF film with excellent dielectric and energy storage performance Li, Weiyan; Song, Zhongqian; Zhong, Jiaming Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02715g	journal	January 2019
Polybenzimidazole/Mxene composite membranes for intermediate temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Fei, Mingming; Lin, Ruizhi; Deng, Yuming Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa9ab0	journal	December 2017
High areal capacitance of vanadium oxides intercalated Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene for flexible supercapacitors with high mass loading Zhang, Zezhong; Guo, Miao; Tang, Yanhong Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab6689	journal	January 2020
First-principles study of size- and edge-dependent properties of MXene nanoribbons Hong, Liang; Klie, Robert F.; Öğüt, Serdar Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.93.115412	journal	March 2016
Surface-agnostic highly stretchable and bendable conductive MXene multilayers An, Hyosung; Habib, Touseef; Shah, Smit Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq0118	journal	March 2018
Ti ₂ AlC-based saturable absorber for passive Q-switching of a fiber laser Lee, Jinho; Kwon, Suhyoung; Lee, Ju Han Optical Materials Express, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1364/ome.9.002057	journal	January 2019
The Synthesis Process and Thermal Stability of V2C MXene Wu, Meng; Wang, Bingxin; Hu, Qianku Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112112	journal	October 2018
A New Model to Predict Optimum Conditions for Growth of 2D Materials on a Substrate Liu, Yu-Peng; Ning, Bo-Yuan; Gong, Le-Cheng Nanomaterials, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070978	journal	July 2019
Synergistic Effects of Two-Dimensional MXene and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Enhancing the Fire Safety of Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Aerogels Sheng, Xinxin; Li, Sihao; Zhao, Yanfeng Polymers, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121964	journal	November 2019
Flexible MXene/Graphene Films for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with Outstanding Volumetric Capacitance Yan, Jun; Ren, Chang E.; Maleski, Kathleen Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701264	journal	June 2017
Highly Conductive Transition Metal Carbide/Carbonitride(MXene)@polystyrene Nanocomposites Fabricated by Electrostatic Assembly for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Sun, Renhui; Zhang, Hao-Bin; Liu, Ji Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702807	journal	October 2017
Atomic Sulfur Covalently Engineered Interlayers of Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene for Ultra‐Fast Sodium‐Ion Storage by Enhanced Pseudocapacitance Luo, Jianmin; Zheng, Jianhui; Nai, Jianwei Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808107	journal	March 2019
A Facile, High‐Yield, and Freeze‐and‐Thaw‐Assisted Approach to Fabricate MXene with Plentiful Wrinkles and Its Application in On‐Chip Micro‐Supercapacitors Huang, Xianwu; Wu, Peiyi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910048	journal	February 2020
Assembly and Electronic Applications of Colloidal Nanomaterials Zhu, Jian; Hersam, Mark C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603895	journal	November 2016
Titanium Disulfide Coated Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Electrodes Enable High Energy Density Symmetric Pseudocapacitors Zang, Xining; Shen, Caiwei; Kao, Emmeline Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201704754	journal	December 2017
Saturable Absorption in 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Thin Films for Passive Photonic Diodes Dong, Yongchang; Chertopalov, Sergii; Maleski, Kathleen Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705714	journal	January 2018
Self-Assembly of Transition Metal Oxide Nanostructures on MXene Nanosheets for Fast and Stable Lithium Storage Liu, Yi-Tao; Zhang, Peng; Sun, Ning Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707334	journal	April 2018
A 2D Conductive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid with Extraordinary Volumetric Capacitance at Minimal Swelling Xiao, Kefeng; Jiang, Donglin; Amal, Rose Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800400	journal	May 2018
The Road Towards Planar Microbatteries and Micro‐Supercapacitors: From 2D to 3D Device Geometries Zheng, Shuanghao; Shi, Xiaoyu; Das, Pratteek Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900583	journal	June 2019
Demonstration of a White Laser with V ₂ C MXene‐Based Quantum Dots Huang, Dapeng; Xie, Ying; Lu, Dazhi Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901117	journal	April 2019
Theranostic 2D Tantalum Carbide (MXene) Lin, Han; Wang, Youwei; Gao, Shanshan Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202003085	journal	October 2020
MXene Supported Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocrystals: Facile Synthesis Route for a Synergistic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst Benchakar, Mohamed; Bilyk, Thomas; Garnero, Cyril Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901328	journal	September 2019
Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices: Recent Progress and Future Prospects Zuo, Wenhua; Li, Ruizhi; Zhou, Cheng Advanced Science, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600539	journal	February 2017
Laminated Hybrid Junction of Sulfur-Doped TiO ₂ and a Carbon Substrate Derived from Ti ₃ C ₂ MXenes: Toward Highly Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Yuan, Wenyu; Cheng, Laifei; An, Yurong Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700870	journal	March 2018
Insights into 2D MXenes for Versatile Biomedical Applications: Current Advances and Challenges Ahead Lin, Han; Chen, Yu; Shi, Jianlin Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800518	journal	July 2018
White Photoluminescent Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Quantum Dots with Two‐Photon Fluorescence Lu, Siyu; Sui, Laizhi; Liu, Yuan Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801470	journal	March 2019
Asymmetric Flexible MXene-Reduced Graphene Oxide Micro-Supercapacitor Couly, Cedric; Alhabeb, Mohamed; Van Aken, Katherine L. Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700339	journal	November 2017
2D Materials Beyond Graphene for High-Performance Energy Storage Applications Zhang, Xiaoyan; Hou, Lili; Ciesielski, Artur Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600671	journal	July 2016
MXene-on-Paper Coplanar Microsupercapacitors Kurra, Narendra; Ahmed, Bilal; Gogotsi, Yury Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601372	journal	September 2016
Dense Graphene Monolith for High Volumetric Energy Density Li-S Batteries Li, Huan; Tao, Ying; Zhang, Chen Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201703438	journal	March 2018
MXene‐Contacted Silicon Solar Cells with 11.5% Efficiency Fu, Hui‐Chun; Ramalingam, Vinoth; Kim, Hyunho Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900180	journal	April 2019
Electronic Structure and Electromagnetic Properties for 2D Electromagnetic Functional Materials in Gigahertz Frequency Cao, Mao‐Sheng; Shu, Jin‐Cheng; Wang, Xi‐Xi Annalen der Physik, Vol. 531, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201800390	journal	February 2019
Pebax‐Based Membrane Filled with Two‐Dimensional Mxene Nanosheets for Efficient CO ₂ Capture Liu, Guozhen; Cheng, Long; Chen, Guining Chemistry – An Asian Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201901433	journal	November 2019
Two-Step Oxidation of Mxene in the Synthesis of Layer-Stacked Anatase Titania with Enhanced Lithium-Storage Performance Tang, Huang; Zhuang, Shihao; Bao, Zhihao ChemElectroChem, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600078	journal	April 2016
2D Stacks of MXene Ti ₃ C ₂ and 1T‐Phase WS ₂ with Enhanced Capacitive Behavior Vyskočil, Jan; Mayorga‐Martinez, Carmen C.; Szőkölová, Kateřina ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900643	journal	May 2019
Fast Treatment of MXene Films with Isocyanate to Give Enhanced Stability Bian, Renji; Xiang, Shanglin; Cai, Dongyu ChemNanoMat, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201900602	journal	October 2019
Heterostructured d‐Ti ₃ C ₂ /TiO _2/ g‐C ₃ N ₄ Nanocomposites with Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity Zhang, Mengyuan; Qin, Jiaqian; Rajendran, Saravanan ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802284	journal	November 2018
2 D Materials for Inhibiting the Shuttle Effect in Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Ali, Tariq; Yan, Chenglin ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901981	journal	March 2020
Compressed and Crumpled Porous Carbon Electrode for High Volumetric Performance Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors Guo, Hongshuai; Ding, Bing; Dong, Xiaowan Energy Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900209	journal	April 2019
A MXene‐Coated Activated Carbon Cloth for Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitor Wang, Li; Shao, Danni; Guo, Jianyu Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201901003	journal	December 2019
High‐performance flexible sensing devices based on polyaniline/MXene nanocomposites Zhao, Lianjia; Wang, Kang; Wei, Wei InfoMat, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12032	journal	August 2019
Nitrogen Codoped Unique Carbon with 0.4 nm Ultra-Micropores for Ultrahigh Areal Capacitance Supercapacitors Zhou, Junshuang; Hou, Li; Luan, Sunrui Small, Vol. 14, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201801897	journal	August 2018
Multifunctional, Superelastic, and Lightweight MXene/Polyimide Aerogels Liu, Ji; Zhang, Hao-Bin; Xie, Xi Small, Vol. 14, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802479	journal	October 2018
Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Li-S Batteries with a Dual Polysulfides Confinement Strategy Yao, Yu; Feng, Wanlin; Chen, Minglong Small, Vol. 14, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802516	journal	September 2018
Hybrid Architectures based on 2D MXenes and Low-Dimensional Inorganic Nanostructures: Methods, Synergies, and Energy-Related Applications Liu, Yi-Tao; Zhu, Xiao-Dong; Pan, Long Small, Vol. 14, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803632	journal	October 2018
Surface Modified MXene‐Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Yu, Hong; Wang, Yonghui; Jing, Yao Small, Vol. 15, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901503	journal	May 2019
Solar‐Inspired Water Purification Based on Emerging 2D Materials: Status and Challenges Xie, Zhongjian; Peng, Ya-Pei; Yu, Li Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201900400	journal	January 2020
Remarkable differences in the voltammetric response towards hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and Ru(NH3)63+ of electrode interfaces modified with HF or LiF-HCl etched Ti3C2Tx MXene Gajdosova, Veronika; Lorencova, Lenka; Prochazka, Michal Microchimica Acta, Vol. 187, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4049-6	journal	December 2019
Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications Lei, Jin-Cheng; Zhang, Xu; Zhou, Zhen Frontiers of Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-015-0493-x	journal	June 2015
Ultrathin Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheet-Wrapped NiSe2 Octahedral Crystal for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance and Synergetic Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Jiang, Hanmei; Wang, Zegao; Yang, Qian Nano-Micro Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0261-5	journal	April 2019
Hierarchical porous carbons with layer-by-layer motif architectures from confined soft-template self-assembly in layered materials Wang, Jie; Tang, Jing; Ding, Bing Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15717	journal	June 2017
Synthesis of Ti3AuC2, Ti3Au2C2 and Ti3IrC2 by noble metal substitution reaction in Ti3SiC2 for high-temperature-stable Ohmic contacts to SiC Fashandi, Hossein; Dahlqvist, Martin; Lu, Jun Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4896	journal	May 2017
Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal−organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance Feng, Dawei; Lei, Ting; Lukatskaya, Maria R. Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0044-5	journal	January 2018
A novel hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon derived from bamboo shoot for high performance supercapacitor Chen, Xiufang; Zhang, Junyi; Zhang, Bo Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06730-x	journal	August 2017
Oxidation stability of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films Habib, Touseef; Zhao, Xiaofei; Shah, Smit A. npj 2D Materials and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-019-0089-3	journal	February 2019
Highly conductive and flexible molybdenum oxide nanopaper for high volumetric supercapacitor electrode Huang, Liang; Yao, Bin; Sun, Jiyu Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10433a	journal	January 2017
Carbon vacancies in Ti ₂ CT ₂ MXenes: defects or a new opportunity? Hu, Tao; Yang, Jinxing; Wang, Xiaohui Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp06593k	journal	January 2017
The influence of surface functionalization on thermal transport and thermoelectric properties of MXene monolayers Sarikurt, Sevil; Çakır, Deniz; Keçeli, Murat Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr09144c	journal	January 2018
Recent advances in ternary two-dimensional materials: synthesis, properties and applications Wang, Lina; Hu, Peng; Long, Yi Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta06971e	journal	January 2017
Polypyrrole–MXene coated textile-based flexible energy storage device Yan, Jinfeng; Ma, Yanan; Zhang, Chuankun RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra08403c	journal	January 2018
Highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO ₂ on the Ti ₃ C ₂ /g-C ₃ N ₄ heterojunction with rich Ti ³⁺ and pyri-N species Xu, Yanjie; Wang, Shuai; Yang, Jun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03315c	journal	January 2018
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene as an excellent anode material for high-performance microbial fuel cells Liu, Da; Wang, Ruiwen; Chang, Wen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07305h	journal	January 2018
Heterostructures of Ni–Co–Al layered double hydroxide assembled on V ₄ C ₃ MXene for high-energy hybrid supercapacitors Wang, Xin; Li, Hui; Li, Han Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11249e	journal	January 2019
Configurable multi-state non-volatile memory behaviors in Ti ₃ C ₂ nanosheets Ding, Guanglong; Zeng, Kelin; Zhou, Kui Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00747d	journal	January 2019
Two-dimensional composite of D-Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x @S@TiO ₂ (MXene) as the cathode material for aluminum-ion batteries Huo, Xiaogeng; Wang, Xiaoxu; Li, Zhanyu Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09944a	journal	January 2020
Surface nitrogen-modified 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with high energy density for aqueous supercapacitor applications Tian, Yapeng; Que, Wenxiu; Luo, Yangyang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00076c	journal	January 2019
Unveiling highly ambient-stable multilayered 1T-MoS ₂ towards all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors Wang, Xin; Ding, Wei; Li, Han Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06305f	journal	January 2019
O-Vacancy-line defective Ti 2 CO 2 nanoribbons: novel magnetism, tunable carrier mobility, and magnetic device behaviors Hu, R.; Li, Y. H.; Zhang, Z. H. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01807g	journal	January 2019
Graphene based 2D-materials for supercapacitors Palaniselvam, Thangavelu; Baek, Jong-Beom 2D Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/2/3/032002	journal	July 2015
First-principles investigation of the vacancy-related properties of Ta 2 AlC Liu, Jitao; Meng, Zhaocang; Liu, Jiajia Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 33, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919502099	journal	June 2019
Review— Recent Exploration of Two-Dimensional MXenes for Gas Sensing: From a Theoretical to an Experimental View Lee, Eunji; Kim, Dong-Joo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0152003jes	journal	January 2020
High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti ₂ CT _x )/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte Melchior, Sharona A.; Raju, Kumar; Ike, Innocent S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0401803jes	journal	January 2018
Preparation of High-Purity V ₂ C MXene and Electrochemical Properties as Li-Ion Batteries Liu, Fanfan; Zhou, Jie; Wang, Shuwei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641704jes	journal	January 2017
Fabrication of a Novel Antifouling Polysulfone Membrane with in Situ Embedment of Mxene Nanosheets Shen, Zhen; Chen, Wei; Xu, Hang International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234659	journal	November 2019
Functionalization of MXene Nanosheets for Polystyrene towards High Thermal Stability and Flame Retardant Properties Si, Jing-Yu; Tawiah, Benjamin; Sun, Wei-Long Polymers, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11060976	journal	June 2019
Laser-sculptured ultrathin transition metal carbide layers for energy storage and energy harvesting applications Zang, Xining; Jian, Cuiying; Zhu, Taishan ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000355321	text	January 2019
Stabilizing the MXenes by Carbon Nanoplating for Developing Hierarchical Nanohybrids with Efficient Lithium Storage and Hydrogen Evolution Capability Wu, Xianhong; Wang, Zhiyu; Yu, Mengzhou Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201607017	journal	April 2017
Hollow MXene Spheres and 3D Macroporous MXene Frameworks for Na-Ion Storage Zhao, Meng-Qiang; Xie, Xiuqiang; Ren, Chang E. Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702410	journal	July 2017
Transparent, Flexible, and Conductive 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Films with High Volumetric Capacitance Zhang, Chuanfang John; Anasori, Babak; Seral-Ascaso, Andrés Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702678	journal	July 2017
Toward Superior Capacitive Energy Storage: Recent Advances in Pore Engineering for Dense Electrodes Liu, Congcong; Yan, Xiaojun; Hu, Fei Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705713	journal	March 2018
Intercalation of Layered Materials from Bulk to 2D Stark, Madeline S.; Kuntz, Kaci L.; Martens, Sean J. Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808213	journal	May 2019
3D‐Printed Structure Boosts the Kinetics and Intrinsic Capacitance of Pseudocapacitive Graphene Aerogels Yao, Bin; Chandrasekaran, Swetha; Zhang, Haozhe Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906652	journal	January 2020
MXene‐Based Composites: Synthesis and Applications in Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors Yang, Jian; Bao, Weizhai; Jaumaux, Pauline Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201802004	journal	February 2019
All-Solid-State Flexible Fiber-Based MXene Supercapacitors Hu, Minmin; Li, Zhaojin; Li, Guoxian Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700143	journal	August 2017
Advanced Energy Storage Devices: Basic Principles, Analytical Methods, and Rational Materials Design Liu, Jilei; Wang, Jin; Xu, Chaohe Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700322	journal	November 2017
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Tunable Magnetic Response in 2D Materials via Reversible Intercalation of Paramagnetic Ions Li, Kerui; Chang, Ting‐Hsiang; Xie, Qidong Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900040	journal	May 2019
Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive MXene‐Based Films for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Liu, Ji; Liu, Zhangshuo; Zhang, Hao‐Bin Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201901094	journal	November 2019
Flexible Nitrogen-Doped 2D Titanium Carbides (MXene) Films Constructed by an Ex Situ Solvothermal Method with Extraordinary Volumetric Capacitance Yang, Chenhui; Tang, Yi; Tian, Yapeng Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802087	journal	September 2018
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201809662	journal	November 2018
Thermally Reduced Graphene/MXene Film for Enhanced Li‐ion Storage Xu, Shuaikai; Dall'Agnese, Yohan; Li, Junzhi Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 24, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201805162	journal	June 2018
Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation Hart, James L.; Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Lang, Andrew C. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08169-8	journal	January 2019
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Adhesion of two-dimensional titanium carbides (MXenes) and graphene to silicon Li, Yanxiao; Huang, Shuohan; Wei, Congjie Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10982-8	journal	July 2019
Ratiometric photoluminescence sensing based on Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene quantum dots as an intracellular pH sensor Chen, Xu; Sun, Xueke; Xu, Wen Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06958h	journal	January 2018
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene: a promising microwave absorbing material Feng, Wanlin; Luo, Heng; Wang, Yu RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12616f	journal	January 2018
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A novel MnO ₂ /MXene composite prepared by electrostatic self-assembly and its use as an electrode for enhanced supercapacitive performance Chen, Shu; Xiang, Yuanfang; Xu, Weijian Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00957k	journal	January 2019
2D magnetic titanium carbide MXene for cancer theranostics Liu, Zhuang; Zhao, Menglong; Lin, Han Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00754c	journal	January 2018
Multilayer structured AgNW/WPU-MXene fiber strain sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity and a wide operating range for wearable monitoring and healthcare Pu, Jun-Hong; Zhao, Xing; Zha, Xiang-Jun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04352g	journal	January 2019
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Liquid catalysts: an innovative solution to 2D materials in CVD processes Geng, Dechao; Yu, Gui Materials Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01088a	journal	January 2018
A generalized strategy for the synthesis of two-dimensional metal oxide nanosheets based on a thermoregulated phase transition Zhang, Jianmin; Lin, Xiaoping; Xue, Dongyang Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09326a	journal	January 2019
Tailoring Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets to tune local conductive network as an environmentally friendly material for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding He, Peng; Wang, Xi-Xi; Cai, Yong-Zhu Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10489a	journal	January 2019
Hierarchically structured cellulose aerogels with interconnected MXene networks and their enhanced microwave absorption properties Jiang, Yue; Xie, Xi; Chen, Yu Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02900h	journal	January 2018
Recent advances in micro-supercapacitors Zhang, Hongxi; Cao, Yudong; Chee, Mason Oliver Lam Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01090d	journal	January 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene quantum dot-encapsulated liposomes for photothermal immunoassays using a portable near-infrared imaging camera on a smartphone Cai, Guoneng; Yu, Zhenzhong; Tong, Ping Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05797h	journal	January 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene-derived TiO ₂ /C-QDs as oxidase mimics for the efficient diagnosis of glutathione in human serum Jin, Zhaoyong; Xu, Gengfang; Niu, Yusheng Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 8, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02478f	journal	January 2020
On the organization and thermal behavior of functional groups on Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene surfaces in vacuum Persson, Ingemar; Näslund, Lars-Åke; Halim, Joseph 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa89cd	journal	October 2017
Elastic properties of 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene monolayers and bilayers Lipatov, Alexey; Lu, Haidong; Alhabeb, Mohamed Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0491	journal	June 2018
Synergistic Supercritical Water ‘Wet’ Activated Biomass Carbon as High Performances Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Yan, Hao; Li, Yunmeng; Guo, Xiaoya Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0391810jes	journal	January 2018
Measurement and Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Ti3C2Tx MXene Films Chen, Lin; Shi, Xuguo; Yu, Nanjie Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091701	journal	September 2018
Highly Efficient Catalytic Performances of Nitro Compounds and Morin via Self-Assembled MXene-Pd Nanocomposites Synthesized through Self-Reduction Strategy Yin, Juanjuan; Zhang, Lun; Jiao, Tifeng Nanomaterials, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9071009	journal	July 2019
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MXenes as High-Rate Electrodes for Energy Storage Lin, Zifeng; Shao, Hui; Xu, Kui Trends in Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2020.04.010	journal	July 2020
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Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers Zhang, Jizhen; Uzun, Simge; Seyedin, Shayan ACS Central Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b01217	journal	February 2020
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Two-Dimensional Double Hydroxide Nanoarchitecture with High Areal and Volumetric Capacitance Deshmukh, Abhay D.; Urade, Akanksha R.; Nanwani, Alisha P. ACS Omega, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00596	journal	July 2018
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Pseudocapacitance of MXene nanosheets for high-power sodium-ion hybrid capacitors Wang, Xianfen; Kajiyama, Satoshi; Iinuma, Hiroki Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7544	journal	April 2015
Ultrahigh volumetric capacitance and cyclic stability of fluorine and nitrogen co-doped carbon microspheres Zhou, Junshuang; Lian, Jie; Hou, Li Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9503	journal	September 2015
Efficient and scalable synthesis of highly aligned and compact two-dimensional nanosheet films with record performances Zhong, Jing; Sun, Wei; Wei, Qinwei Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05723-2	journal	August 2018
Metallic porous nitride single crystals at two-centimeter scale delivering enhanced pseudocapacitance Xi, Shaobo; Lin, Guoming; Jin, Lu Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12818-x	journal	October 2019
A New Class of Scandium Carbide Nanosheet Wang, Jing; Liu, Tian-Tian; Li, Chen-Ling Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52882-3	journal	November 2019
Heating of Ti3C2Tx MXene/polymer composites in response to Radio Frequency fields Habib, Touseef; Patil, Nutan; Zhao, Xiaofei Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52972-2	journal	November 2019
Efficient Control of THz Transmission of PEDOT:PSS with Resonant Nano-Metamaterials Chaudhary, Raghvendra P.; Das, Bamadev; Oh, Seugn In Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54189-9	journal	November 2019
A Smart Colorful Supercapacitor with One Dimensional Photonic Crystals Liu, Cihui; Liu, Xing; Xuan, Hongyun Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18419	journal	December 2015
Pressure-induced shear and interlayer expansion in Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene in the presence of water Ghidiu, Michael; Kota, Sankalp; Drozd, Vadym Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao6850	journal	January 2018
In Situ High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Study of Ti3C2Tx MXene Zhang, Luxi; Su, Weitao; Huang, Yanwei Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2746-4	journal	October 2018
Photodynamic Therapy Based on Graphene and MXene in Cancer Theranostics Gazzi, Arianna; Fusco, Laura; Khan, Anooshay Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00295	journal	October 2019
Three-Dimensional Architectures in Electrochemical Capacitor Applications – Insights, Opinions, and Perspectives Galek, Przemyslaw; Mackowiak, Adam; Bujewska, Paulina Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00139	journal	September 2020
First-Principles Study of Vacancies in Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2 Wang, Hui; Han, Han; Yin, Gen Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10020103	journal	January 2017
First-Principles Studies of Adsorptive Remediation of Water and Air Pollutants Using Two-Dimensional MXene Materials Zhang, Yujuan; Zhang, Ningning; Ge, Changchun Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112281	journal	November 2018
A Facile Method to Construct MXene/CuO Nanocomposite with Enhanced Catalytic Activity of CuO on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate Zhao, Haifeng; Lv, Jing; Sang, Junshan Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122457	journal	December 2018
Preparation of Ti3C2Tx/NiZn Ferrite Hybrids with Improved Electromagnetic Properties Zhou, Xiaobing; Li, Youbing; Huang, Qing Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040820	journal	February 2020
Deformation and Failure of MXene Nanosheets Zeleniakiene, Daiva; Monastyreckis, Gediminas; Aniskevich, Andrey Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051253	journal	March 2020
Investigation of Fumed Silica/Aqueous NaCl Superdielectric Material Jenkins, Natalie; Petty, Clayton; Phillips, Jonathan Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9020118	journal	February 2016
Printable Nanomaterials for the Fabrication of High-Performance Supercapacitors Sun, Jiazhen; Cui, Bo; Chu, Fuqiang Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8070528	journal	July 2018
Calculating the free energy of 2D materials on substrates Liu, Yu-Peng; Ning, Bo-Yuan; Gong, Le-Cheng arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.09205	text	January 2019
Local chemical bonding and structural properties in Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and Ti3C2Tx MXene probed by Ti 1s X-ray absorption spectroscopy Magnuson, Martin; Näslund, Lars-Åke arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.00293	text	January 2020
2D Superparamagnetic Tantalum Carbide Composite MXenes for Efficient Breast-Cancer Theranostics Liu, Zhuang; Lin, Han; Zhao, Menglong Theranostics, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.23369	journal	January 2018

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