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Title: Redefining fine roots improves understanding of belowground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes

Journal Article · · New Phytologist
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13363· OSTI ID:1265346
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4]; ORCiD logo [5];  [1];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [6];  [8];  [10];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [14]
  1. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)
  2. Lincoln Univ., Canterbury (New Zealand)
  3. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
  4. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
  5. Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (United States)
  6. Univ. of Helsinki, Helsinki (Finland)
  7. Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
  8. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
  9. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  10. Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
  11. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID (United States)
  12. College of Charleston, Charleston, SC (United States)
  13. Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (Austria)
  14. Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik (Poland)
+ Show Author Affiliations

Fine roots acquire essential soil resources and mediate biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Estimates of carbon and nutrient allocation to build and maintain these structures remain uncertain due to challenges in consistent measurement and interpretation of fine-root systems. We define fine roots as all roots less than or equal to 2 mm in diameter, yet it is now recognized that this approach fails to capture the diversity of form and function observed among fine-root orders. We demonstrate how order-based and functional classification frameworks improve our understanding of dynamic root processes in ecosystems dominated by perennial plants. In these frameworks, fine roots are separated into either individual root orders or functionally defined into a shorter-lived absorptive pool and a longer-lived transport fine root pool. Furthermore, using these frameworks, we estimate that fine-root production and turnover represent 22% of terrestrial net primary production globally a ca. 30% reduction from previous estimates assuming a single fine-root pool. In the future we hope to develop tools to rapidly differentiate functional fine-root classes, explicit incorporation of mycorrhizal fungi in fine-root studies, and wider adoption of a two-pool approach to model fine roots provide opportunities to better understand belowground processes in the terrestrial biosphere.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725; 31350110503
OSTI ID:
1265346
Journal Information:
New Phytologist, Vol. 207, Issue 3; ISSN 0028-646X
Publisher:
WileyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 772 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Root vertical distributions of two Artemisia species and their relationships with soil resources in the Hunshandake desert, China journal March 2020
Seasonality and partitioning of root allocation to rhizosphere soils in a midlatitude forest journal November 2016
Mycorrhizal fungi and roots are complementary in foraging within nutrient patches journal September 2016
Rapid increases in fine root biomass and production following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances in degraded forests journal January 2018
Modeling plant-water interactions: an ecohydrological overview from the cell to the global scale: Modeling plant-water interactions journal November 2015
Spatiotemporal patterns of enzyme activities in the rhizosphere: effects of plant growth and root morphology journal August 2018
Characterizing fine-root traits by species phylogeny and microbial symbiosis in 11 co-existing woody species journal November 2019
Effects of Microtopography on Absorptive and Transport Fine Root Biomass, Necromass, Production, Mortality and Decomposition in a Coastal Freshwater Forested Wetland, Southeastern USA journal December 2019
Regenerated trees in farmers’ fields increase soil carbon across the Sahel journal May 2019
Root order-dependent seasonal dynamics in the carbon and nitrogen chemistry of poplar fine roots journal May 2017
Effect of nitrogen additions on root morphology and chemistry in a subtropical bamboo forest journal October 2016
Fine-root trait plasticity of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) forests on two contrasting soils journal December 2016
Root nutrient concentration and biomass allocation are more plastic than morphological traits in response to nutrient limitation journal March 2017
Maintaining connectivity: understanding the role of root order and mycelial networks in fine root decomposition of woody plants journal September 2017
Consequences of mixing Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis trees on soil exploration by fine-roots down to a depth of 17 m journal October 2017
Functional implications of root cortical senescence for soil resource capture journal December 2017
Linkage of root morphology to anatomy with increasing nitrogen availability in six temperate tree species journal February 2018
Variation in the functional traits of fine roots is linked to phylogenetics in the common tree species of Chinese subtropical forests journal January 2019
Fine root biomass, production and turnover rates in plantations versus natural forests: effects of stand characteristics and soil properties journal January 2019
Multiple phosphorus acquisition strategies adopted by fine roots in low-fertility soils in Central Amazonia journal February 2019
Plant presence reduces root and shoot litter decomposition rates of crops and wild relatives journal March 2019
The plasticity of root distribution and nitrogen uptake contributes to recovery of maize growth at late growth stages in wheat/maize intercropping journal March 2019
Rootstock vigor shifts aboveground response to groundcover competition in young grapevines journal April 2019
Quantification of tree fine roots by real-time PCR journal May 2019
Exploring patterns of fine root morphological, chemical, and anatomical traits of 12 tree species from visible–near-infrared spectral reflectance journal October 2019
Fine root classification matters: nutrient levels in different functional categories, orders and diameters of roots in boreal Pinus sylvestris across a latitudinal gradient journal December 2019
Fine roots of Prosopis flexuosa trees in the field. Plant and soil variables that control their growth and depth distribution journal October 2018
Fine-root morphological trait variation in tropical forest ecosystems: an evidence synthesis journal November 2019
An integrated method for high-resolution definition of new diameter-based fine root sub-classes of Fagus sylvatica L. journal July 2018
Elevated CO2 does not increase eucalypt forest productivity on a low-phosphorus soil journal March 2017
A new method to optimize root order classification based on the diameter interval of fine root journal February 2018
DNA based diagnostic for the quantification of sugarcane root DNA in the field journal November 2018
Root tip morphology, anatomy, chemistry and potential hydraulic conductivity vary with soil depth in three temperate hardwood species journal September 2015
The mycorrhizal type governs root exudation and nitrogen uptake of temperate tree species journal November 2017
Stand development and other intrinsic factors largely control fine-root dynamics with only subtle modifications from resource availability journal April 2018
Persistence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae in soil through asymptomatic colonization of rotation crops posted_content November 2018
Functional correlations between specific leaf area and specific root length along a regional environmental gradient in Inner Mongolia grasslands journal October 2015
Mycelia‐derived C contributes more to nitrogen cycling than root‐derived C in ectomycorrhizal alpine forests journal November 2018
Root traits are multidimensional: specific root length is independent from root tissue density and the plant economic spectrum journal March 2016
Improving models of fine root carbon stocks and fluxes in European forests journal January 2020
Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait‐based approach to plant‐associated fungi journal November 2019
Global patterns in fine root decomposition: climate, chemistry, mycorrhizal association and woodiness journal March 2019
Effects of species diversity on fine root productivity in diverse ecosystems: a global meta-analysis: Diversity effects on fine root productivity journal July 2016
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Global meta-analysis reveals different patterns of root tip adjustments by angiosperm and gymnosperm trees in response to environmental gradients journal November 2018
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Root structure-function relationships in 74 species: evidence of a root economics spectrum related to carbon economy journal January 2016
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A worldview of root traits: the influence of ancestry, growth form, climate and mycorrhizal association on the functional trait variation of fine-root tissues in seed plants journal April 2017
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Quantifying the contribution of mass flow to nitrogen acquisition by an individual plant root journal December 2017
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58 GEOSCIENCES
ecosystem
plant traits
net primary productivity (NPP)
belowground
mycorrhizal fungi
ecosystem modeling
plant allocation
fine-root order