skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets c and d

Abstract

During the first-light run of the Gemini Planet Imager we obtained K-band spectra of exoplanets HR 8799 c and d. Analysis of the spectra indicates that planet d may be warmer than planet c. Comparisons to recent patchy cloud models and previously obtained observations over multiple wavelengths confirm that thick clouds combined with horizontal variation in the cloud cover generally reproduce the planets’ spectral energy distributions.When combined with the 3 to 4μm photometric data points, the observations provide strong constraints on the atmospheric methane content for both planets. Lastly, the data also provide further evidence that future modeling efforts must include cloud opacity, possibly including cloud holes, disequilibrium chemistry, and super-solar metallicity.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [1];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [4];  [4];  [8];  [10];  [12];  [13];  [12];  [12] more »;  [13];  [14];  [15];  [14];  [16];  [13];  [14];  [5];  [10];  [10];  [6];  [17];  [18];  [6];  [18];  [12];  [12];  [4];  [19];  [18];  [18];  [20];  [21];  [22];  [10];  [18] « less
  1. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
  2. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States)
  3. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  4. NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics,Victoria, BC (Canada)
  5. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  6. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  7. Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
  8. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
  9. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States); Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
  10. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
  11. Univ. of Montreal, Quebec (Canada)
  12. Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
  13. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
  14. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)
  15. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States
  16. SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA (United States). Carl Sagan Center
  17. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States). School of Earth and Space Exploration
  18. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  19. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
  20. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States). Department of Physics and Astronomy
  21. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Cruz (UARC), CA (United States)
  22. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab.
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1253166
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 794; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-8213
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
gaseous planets; planets and satellites; infrared planetary systems; adaptive optics

Citation Formats

Ingraham, Patrick, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Marois, Christian, Macintosh, Bruce, Barman, Travis, Bauman, Brian, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey K., De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Kalas, Paul G., Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James A., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, McBride, James, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Morzinski, Katie M., Norton, Andrew, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, Dave W., Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik, Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Kent Wallace, J., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets c and d. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/l15.
Ingraham, Patrick, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Marois, Christian, Macintosh, Bruce, Barman, Travis, Bauman, Brian, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey K., De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Kalas, Paul G., Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James A., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, McBride, James, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Morzinski, Katie M., Norton, Andrew, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, Dave W., Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik, Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Kent Wallace, J., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., & Wolff, Schuyler G. Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets c and d. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/l15
Ingraham, Patrick, Marley, Mark S., Saumon, Didier, Marois, Christian, Macintosh, Bruce, Barman, Travis, Bauman, Brian, Burrows, Adam, Chilcote, Jeffrey K., De Rosa, Robert J., Dillon, Daren, Doyon, René, Dunn, Jennifer, Erikson, Darren, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Gavel, Donald, Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Hartung, Markus, Hibon, Pascale, Kalas, Paul G., Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James A., Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, McBride, James, Millar-Blanchaer, Max, Morzinski, Katie M., Norton, Andrew, Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, Dave W., Patience, Jenny, Perrin, Marshall D., Poyneer, Lisa A., Pueyo, Laurent, Rantakyrö, Fredrik, Sadakuni, Naru, Saddlemyer, Leslie, Savransky, Dmitry, Soummer, Rémi, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Thomas, Sandrine, Kent Wallace, J., Wiktorowicz, Sloane J., and Wolff, Schuyler G. 2014. "Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets c and d". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/l15. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1253166.
@article{osti_1253166,
title = {Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the HR 8799 Planets c and d},
author = {Ingraham, Patrick and Marley, Mark S. and Saumon, Didier and Marois, Christian and Macintosh, Bruce and Barman, Travis and Bauman, Brian and Burrows, Adam and Chilcote, Jeffrey K. and De Rosa, Robert J. and Dillon, Daren and Doyon, René and Dunn, Jennifer and Erikson, Darren and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Gavel, Donald and Goodsell, Stephen J. and Graham, James R. and Hartung, Markus and Hibon, Pascale and Kalas, Paul G. and Konopacky, Quinn and Larkin, James A. and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and McBride, James and Millar-Blanchaer, Max and Morzinski, Katie M. and Norton, Andrew and Oppenheimer, Rebecca and Palmer, Dave W. and Patience, Jenny and Perrin, Marshall D. and Poyneer, Lisa A. and Pueyo, Laurent and Rantakyrö, Fredrik and Sadakuni, Naru and Saddlemyer, Leslie and Savransky, Dmitry and Soummer, Rémi and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Thomas, Sandrine and Kent Wallace, J. and Wiktorowicz, Sloane J. and Wolff, Schuyler G.},
abstractNote = {During the first-light run of the Gemini Planet Imager we obtained K-band spectra of exoplanets HR 8799 c and d. Analysis of the spectra indicates that planet d may be warmer than planet c. Comparisons to recent patchy cloud models and previously obtained observations over multiple wavelengths confirm that thick clouds combined with horizontal variation in the cloud cover generally reproduce the planets’ spectral energy distributions.When combined with the 3 to 4μm photometric data points, the observations provide strong constraints on the atmospheric methane content for both planets. Lastly, the data also provide further evidence that future modeling efforts must include cloud opacity, possibly including cloud holes, disequilibrium chemistry, and super-solar metallicity.},
doi = {10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/l15},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1253166}, journal = {The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)},
issn = {2041-8213},
number = 1,
volume = 794,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2014},
month = {Tue Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2014}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 49 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Precipitating Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
journal, August 2001


The Chemical Composition of the Sun
journal, September 2009


Structure and evolution of super-Earth to super-Jupiter exoplanets: I. Heavy element enrichment in the interior
journal, February 2008


CLOUDS AND CHEMISTRY IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF EXTRASOLAR PLANET HR8799b
journal, May 2011


THE YOUNG PLANET-MASS OBJECT 2M1207b: A COOL, CLOUDY, AND METHANE-POOR ATMOSPHERE
journal, June 2011


SPHERE: a 'Planet Finder' instrument for the VLT
conference, August 2008


NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HR 8799 b
journal, October 2010


A COMBINED SUBARU/VLT/MMT 1-5 μm STUDY OF PLANETS ORBITING HR 8799: IMPLICATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES, MASSES, AND FORMATION
journal, February 2011


An Infrared Spectroscopic Sequence of M, L, and T Dwarfs
journal, April 2005


Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
journal, April 2007


M -BAND IMAGING OF THE HR 8799 PLANETARY SYSTEM USING AN INNOVATIVE LOCI-BASED BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE
journal, September 2011


A New High Contrast Imaging Program at Palomar Observatory
journal, January 2011

  • Hinkley, Sasha; Oppenheimer, Ben R.; Zimmerman, Neil
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 123, Issue 899
  • https://doi.org/10.1086/658163

Thermal Infrared Mmtao Observations of the hr 8799 Planetary System
journal, May 2010


SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE EXOPLANET HR 8799 c
journal, January 2010


Detection of Carbon Monoxide and Water Absorption Lines in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
journal, March 2013


OSIRIS: a diffraction limited integral field spectrograph for Keck
conference, June 2006


ATMOSPHERIC RETRIEVAL ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECTLY IMAGED EXOPLANET HR 8799b
journal, November 2013


Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements
journal, July 2003


First light of the Gemini Planet Imager
journal, May 2014


The Gemini planet imager: first light and commissioning
conference, August 2014


Model Atmospheres for Massive gas Giants with Thick Clouds: Application to the hr 8799 Planets and Predictions for Future Detections
journal, July 2011


Masses, Radii, and Cloud Properties of the hr 8799 Planets
journal, July 2012


A Patchy Cloud Model for the l to t Dwarf Transition
journal, October 2010


Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
journal, November 2008


Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799
journal, December 2010


The Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme-AO Project
conference, August 2009


Reconnaissance of the hr 8799 Exosolar System. i. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
journal, April 2013


Gemini Planet Imager observational calibrations I: Overview of the GPI data reduction pipeline
conference, July 2014


The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color‐Magnitude Diagrams
journal, December 2008


FIRST LIGHT LBT AO IMAGES OF HR 8799 bcde AT 1.6 AND 3.3 μm: NEW DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN YOUNG PLANETS AND OLD BROWN DWARFS
journal, June 2012


DIRECTLY IMAGED L-T TRANSITION EXOPLANETS IN THE MID-INFRARED ,
journal, August 2014


Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VIII: characterization and role of satellite spots
conference, July 2014


Works referencing / citing this record:

Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
journal, July 2017


SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF WATER, METHANE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF EXOPLANET HR 8799 b
journal, May 2015


Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
journal, August 2016


Gemini Planet Imager observational calibrations XI: pipeline improvements and enhanced calibrations after two years on sky
conference, August 2016


1–2.4 μ m Near-IR Spectrum of the Giant Planet β Pictoris b Obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager
journal, March 2017


A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer -detected Debris Disks: Occurrence of Giant Planets in Dusty Systems
journal, November 2017


Cloud Atlas: Rotational Modulations in the L/T Transition Brown Dwarf Companion HN Peg B
journal, February 2018


GPI Spectra of HR 8799 c, d, and e from 1.5 to 2.4 μ m with KLIP Forward Modeling
journal, May 2018


The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates under Conservative Assumptions
journal, November 2018


Cloud Atlas: High-contrast Time-resolved Observations of Planetary-mass Companions
journal, February 2019


The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
journal, June 2019


High Spatial Resolution Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy with ALES: Resolved Spectra of the Benchmark Brown Dwarf Binary HD 130948BC
journal, May 2019


Resolved Millimeter Observations of the HR 8799 Debris Disk
journal, March 2018


The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
text, January 2019


Spectral and atmospheric characterization of 51 Eridani b using VLT/SPHERE
text, January 2017


The exoplanet handbook: Book Review
journal, March 2012