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Title: Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage

Abstract

The demand for high energy density battery systems is expected to grow markedly during the next decade due to the advent of new generation of powerful, light-weight portable computers, cellular telephones, and power tools. The prospects of acquiring a larger share of an expanding and indeed highly competitive market have prompted battery producers to search for means of improving the overall performance of rechargeable battery systems, including the possible replacement of conventional electrodes with promising novel materials. In addition to economic considerations, there exists a pressing need to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic metals, which can contaminate the soil and water supplies and jeopardize human welfare, and thus comply with stringent constraints imposed by environmental regulatory agencies. The risks associated with this latter problem could be greatly alleviated by establishing programs, such as those in effect in some countries in western Europe, to control the indiscriminate disposal of batteries into refuse processing facilities and landfills. However, no such policy has, as yet, been instituted in the US.

Authors:
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE, Washington, DC (United States)
OSTI Identifier:
122024
Report Number(s):
DOE/ER/14383-1
ON: DE96001042; TRN: 95:007879
DOE Contract Number:
FG02-93ER14383
Resource Type:
Technical Report
Resource Relation:
Other Information: PBD: [1995]
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; PERFORMANCE; EFFICIENCY; BATTERY CHARGERS; BATTERY CHARGING

Citation Formats

Scherson, D.A. Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage. United States: N. p., 1995. Web. doi:10.2172/122024.
Scherson, D.A. Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage. United States. doi:10.2172/122024.
Scherson, D.A. Sun . "Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage". United States. doi:10.2172/122024. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/122024.
@article{osti_122024,
title = {Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic techniques for the study of electrode materials with relevance to energy generation and energy storage},
author = {Scherson, D.A.},
abstractNote = {The demand for high energy density battery systems is expected to grow markedly during the next decade due to the advent of new generation of powerful, light-weight portable computers, cellular telephones, and power tools. The prospects of acquiring a larger share of an expanding and indeed highly competitive market have prompted battery producers to search for means of improving the overall performance of rechargeable battery systems, including the possible replacement of conventional electrodes with promising novel materials. In addition to economic considerations, there exists a pressing need to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic metals, which can contaminate the soil and water supplies and jeopardize human welfare, and thus comply with stringent constraints imposed by environmental regulatory agencies. The risks associated with this latter problem could be greatly alleviated by establishing programs, such as those in effect in some countries in western Europe, to control the indiscriminate disposal of batteries into refuse processing facilities and landfills. However, no such policy has, as yet, been instituted in the US.},
doi = {10.2172/122024},
journal = {},
number = ,
volume = ,
place = {United States},
year = {Sun Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 1995},
month = {Sun Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 1995}
}

Technical Report:

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  • The interactions between metallic lithium and perdeuterated tetrahydrofuran (TDF) have been examined in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) by X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopies (XPS and AES, respectively) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The AES, XPS and TPD spectra of thick layers of Li vapor deposited on clean polycrystalline silver (Ag(poly)) foils exposed to up to 100 L TDF at room temperature showed no evidence for features other than those associated with clean Li/Ag(poly) surfaces. This indicates that the sticking coefficient of (gaseous) TDF on Li at 300 K is negligibly small. Clearly defined C(ls) and O(1s) XPS features were observed,more » however, for submonolayer coverages of TDF on Li/Ag(poly), obtained by first condensing a thick layer of TDF below 140 K and later gently warming the specimen to 300 K. The binding energies of these peaks were smaller than those for condensed TDF at 135 K. The m/e - 48 TPD spectra of TDF condensed on Ag(poly) yielded for O(TDF) < 1 a well defined peak centered in the range of 210 - 240 K, a temperature much higher than that associated with the desorption of bulklike TDF (ca. 170 K). The fragmentation patterns of adsorbed TDF were consistent with cyclopropane and formaldehyde as the most likely thermally desorbed species. Unlike the behavior observed for TDF/Ag(poly) for which no TPD features were detected for T > 300 K, the m/e - 4 TPD spectra for TDF/Li/Ag(T-oly) displayed a prominent peak centered at about 600 K attributed to, D{sub 2} generated by the thermal decomposition of LiD. This provides rather unambiguous evidence that TDF reacts with Li at temperatures lower than 350 K to yield LiD as the main product.« less
  • Techniques have been developed and implemented to gain insight into fundamental factors that affect the performance of electrodes in Li and Li-ion batteries and other energy storage devices. These include experimental strategies for monitoring the Raman scattering spectra of single microparticles of carbon and transition metal oxides as a function of their state of charge. Measurements were performed in electrolytes of direct relevance to Li and Li-Ion batteries both in the static and dynamic modes. In addition, novel strategies were devised for performing conventional experiments in ultrahigh vacuum environments under conditions which eliminate effects associated with presence of impurities, usingmore » ultrapure electrolytes, both of the polymeric and ionic liquid type that display no measurable vapor pressure. Also examined was the reactivity of conventional non aqueous solvent toward ultrapure Li films as monitored in ultrahigh vacuum with external reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Also pursued were efforts toward developing applying Raman-scattering for monitoring the flow of charge of a real Li ion battery. Such time-resolved, spatially-resolved measurements are key to validating the results of theoretical simulations involving real electrode structures.« less
  • The objectives of this program are: (1) To demonstrate Time of Flight Ion Scattering and Recoil (ToF-ISARS) Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) for in-situ and real time characterization of HTSC thin films and processes. (2) To study HTSC thin film processes and interface reactions.
  • The main aim of this research is to elucidate the structure and composition of lithium-non-aqueous solvent passive films by using an array of ex-situ and in-situ spectroscopic techniques including Auger Electron and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopies (AES and XPA, respectively), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and Fourier Transform Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIRRAS). Attention during this past year has been focused on the reaction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with lithium. 5 refs., 9 figs.