Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB)

Kumar, R.; Barth, M. C.; Nair, V. S.; Pfister, G. G.; Suresh Babu, S.; Satheesh, S. K.; Moorthy, K. Krishna; Carmichael, G. R.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.

doi:10.5194/acp-15-5415-2015

Title: Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB)

Journal Article · Tue May 19 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5415-2015· OSTI ID:1209237

Kumar, R. ^[1]; Barth, M. C. ^[1];

^[2]; Pfister, G. G. ^[1]; Suresh Babu, S. ^[2]; Satheesh, S. K. ^[3]; Moorthy, K. Krishna ^[4]; Carmichael, G. R. ^[5]; Lu, Z. ^[6]; Streets, D. G. ^[6]

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Thiruvanantpuram (India)
Indian Inst. of Science, Bangalore (India). Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic. Sciences
Indian Space Research Organization (HQ), Bangalore (India)
Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (United States). Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research.
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

This study examines differences in the surface black carbon (BC) aerosol loading between the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS) and identifies dominant sources of BC in South Asia and surrounding regions during March–May 2006 (Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget, ICARB) period. A total of 13 BC tracers are introduced in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry to address these objectives. The model reproduced the temporal and spatial variability of BC distribution observed over the AS and the BoB during the ICARB ship cruise and captured spatial variability at the inland sites. In general, the model underestimates the observed BC mass concentrations. However, the model–observation discrepancy in this study is smaller compared to previous studies. Model results show that ICARB measurements were fairly well representative of the AS and the BoB during the pre-monsoon season. Elevated BC mass concentrations in the BoB are due to 5 times stronger influence of anthropogenic emissions on the BoB compared to the AS. Biomass burning in Burma also affects the BoB much more strongly than the AS. Results show that anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively, accounted for 60 and 37% of the average ± standard deviation (representing spatial and temporal variability) BC mass concentration (1341 ± 2353 ng m^-3) in South Asia. BC emissions from residential (61%) and industrial (23%) sectors are the major anthropogenic sources, except in the Himalayas where vehicular emissions dominate. We find that regional-scale transport of anthropogenic emissions contributes up to 25% of BC mass concentrations in western and eastern India, suggesting that surface BC mass concentrations cannot be linked directly to the local emissions in different regions of South Asia.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1209237

Journal Information:: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Vol. 15, Issue 10; ISSN 1680-7324

Publisher:: European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 50 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (61)

Aerosol black carbon over Arabian Sea during intermonsoon and summer monsoon seasons: BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS OVER ARABIAN SEA Babu, S. Suresh; Moorthy, K. Krishna; Satheesh, S. K. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018716	journal	March 2004
Spatial distribution of aerosol black carbon over India during pre-monsoon season Beegum, S. Naseema; Moorthy, K. Krishna; Babu, S. Suresh Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.042	journal	February 2009
The parametrization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection Beljaars, Anton C. M. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 121, Issue 522 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712152203	journal	January 1995
The Regional Particulate Matter Model: 1. Model description and preliminary results Binkowski, Francis S.; Shankar, Uma Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100, Issue D12 https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02093	journal	January 1995
Earlier onset of the Indian monsoon in the late twentieth century: The role of anthropogenic aerosols: AEROSOLS AND INDIAN MONSOON ONSET Bollasina, Massimo A.; Ming, Yi; Ramaswamy, V. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50719	journal	July 2013
Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m) Bonasoni, P.; Laj, P.; Marinoni, A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010	journal	January 2010
Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850-2000: HISTORICAL BC/OC EMISSIONS Bond, Tami C.; Bhardwaj, Ekta; Dong, Rong Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840	journal	May 2007
Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment: BLACK CARBON IN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171	journal	June 2013
Boundary layer versus free tropospheric CO budget and variability over the United States during summertime: CO BUDGET AND VARIABILITY OVER THE U.S. Boynard, A.; Pfister, Gabriele G.; Edwards, David P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016416	journal	February 2012
The importance of carbon and mineral dust to seasonal aerosol properties in the Nepal Himalaya Carrico, Christian M.; Bergin, Michael H.; Shrestha, Arun B. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 37, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00197-3	journal	June 2003
Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air Pollution Dockery, Douglas W.; Stone, Peter H. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 356, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe068274	journal	February 2007
MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases Easter, Richard C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue D20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004571	journal	January 2004
Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) Emmons, L. K.; Walters, S.; Hess, P. G. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010	journal	January 2010
Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model Fast, Jerome D.; Gustafson, William I.; Easter, Richard C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006721	journal	January 2006
Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models Freitas, S. R.; Longo, K. M.; Chatfield, R. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007	journal	January 2007
Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period Granier, Claire; Bessagnet, Bertrand; Bond, Tami Climatic Change, Vol. 109, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1	journal	August 2011
A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques: PARAMETERIZING CONVECTION COMBINING ENSEMBLE AND DATA ASSIMILATION TECHNIQUES Grell, Georg A.; Dévényi, Dezső Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311	journal	July 2002
Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model Grell, Georg A.; Peckham, Steven E.; Schmitz, Rainer Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 39, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027	journal	December 2005
Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) Guenther, A.; Karl, T.; Harley, P. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006	journal	January 2006
Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel Combustion? Gustafsson, O.; Krusa, M.; Zencak, Z. Science, Vol. 323, Issue 5913 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164857	journal	January 2009
How shorter black carbon lifetime alters its climate effect Hodnebrog, Øivind; Myhre, Gunnar; Samset, Bjørn H. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6065	journal	September 2014
A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes Hong, Song-You; Noh, Yign; Dudhia, Jimy Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 134, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1	journal	September 2006
Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models Iacono, Michael J.; Delamere, Jennifer S.; Mlawer, Eli J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944	journal	January 2008
Simulation of semi-explicit mechanisms of SOA formation from glyoxal in aerosol in a 3-D model Knote, C.; Hodzic, A.; Jimenez, J. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6213-2014	journal	January 2014
Simulations over South Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem): set-up and meteorological evaluation Kumar, R.; Naja, M.; Pfister, G. G. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-321-2012	journal	January 2012
Simulations over South Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem): chemistry evaluation and initial results Kumar, R.; Naja, M.; Pfister, G. G. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-619-2012	journal	January 2012
Source attribution of carbon monoxide in India and surrounding regions during wintertime: CONTRIBUTION OF CO SOURCES IN INDIA Kumar, Rajesh; Naja, Manish; Pfister, G. G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50134	journal	February 2013
WRF-Chem simulations of a typical pre-monsoon dust storm in northern India: influences on aerosol optical properties and radiation budget Kumar, R.; Barth, M. C.; Pfister, G. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2431-2014	journal	January 2014
Effects of dust aerosols on tropospheric chemistry during a typical pre-monsoon season dust storm in northern India Kumar, R.; Barth, M. C.; Madronich, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6813-2014	journal	January 2014
What controls the seasonal cycle of black carbon aerosols in India? Kumar, Rajesh; Barth, M. C.; Pfister, G. G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 120, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023298	journal	August 2015
Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the Tibetan Plateau Lau, K. M.; Kim, M. K.; Kim, K. M. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 26, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z	journal	February 2006
Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review Lawrence, M. G.; Lelieveld, J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010	journal	January 2010
Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010 Lu, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Streets, D. G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011	journal	January 2011
Air quality in Delhi during the Commonwealth Games Marrapu, P.; Cheng, Y.; Beig, G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10619-2014	journal	January 2014
Black carbon aerosols and the third polar ice cap Menon, S.; Koch, D.; Beig, G. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4559-2010	journal	January 2010
Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB): An overview Moorthy, K. Krishna; Satheesh, S. K.; Babu, S. Suresh Journal of Earth System Science, Vol. 117, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0029-7	journal	July 2008
Performance evaluation of chemistry transport models over India Moorthy, K. Krishna; Beegum, S. Naseema; Srivastava, N. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.056	journal	June 2013
Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes Morrison, H.; Thompson, G.; Tatarskii, V. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 137, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1	journal	March 2009
Aerosol characteristics in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during ICARB: Spatial distribution and latitudinal and longitudinal gradients Nair, Vijayakumar S.; Babu, S. Suresh; Moorthy, K. Krishna Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D15 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009823	journal	January 2008
Simulation of South Asian aerosols for regional climate studies: SIMULATION OF SOUTH ASIAN AEROSOLS Nair, Vijayakumar S.; Solmon, Fabien; Giorgi, Filippo Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016711	journal	February 2012
Black carbon aerosols over the Himalayas: direct and surface albedo forcing Nair, Vijayakumar S.; Babu, S. Suresh; Moorthy, K. Krishna Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19738	journal	September 2013
Toward a more physical representation of precipitation scavenging in global chemistry models: cloud overlap and ice physics and their impact on tropospheric ozone Neu, J. L.; Prather, M. J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3289-2012	journal	January 2012
Aerosol temporal characteristics and its impact on shortwave radiative forcing at a location in the northeast of India Pathak, Binita; Kalita, Gayatry; Bhuyan, K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D19 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013462	journal	January 2010
CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB Pfister, G. G.; Avise, J.; Wiedinmyer, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011	journal	January 2011
Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects Pöschl, Ulrich Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 44, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122	journal	November 2005
A 1 year record of carbonaceous aerosols from an urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Characterization, sources, and temporal variability: CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS OVER IGP Ram, Kirpa; Sarin, M. M.; Tripathi, S. N. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 115, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014188	journal	December 2010
Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156	journal	March 2008
Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle Ramanathan, V.; Chung, C.; Kim, D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102	journal	March 2005
Aerosol optical depths and direct radiative perturbations by species and source type: AEROSOL RADIATIVE PERTURBATION BY SPECIES AND SOURCE TYPE Reddy, M. Shekar; Boucher, Olivier; Balkanski, Yves Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021743	journal	June 2005
Large differences in tropical aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere and Earth's surface Satheesh, S. K.; Ramanathan, V. Nature, Vol. 405, Issue 6782 https://doi.org/10.1038/35011039	journal	May 2000
Surface distributions of O3, CO and hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season Srivastava, S.; Lal, S.; Venkataramani, S. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.023	journal	February 2012
Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants Tie, Xuexi Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005359	journal	January 2005
Climate forcing by the on-road transportation and power generation sectors Unger, Nadine; Shindell, Drew T.; Wang, James S. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.021	journal	June 2009
Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors Unger, Nadine; Bond, Tami C.; Wang, James S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906548107	journal	February 2010
Attribution of aerosol radiative forcing over India during the winter monsoon to emissions from source categories and geographical regions Verma, S.; Venkataraman, C.; Boucher, O. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 45, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.048	journal	August 2011
Global budget and radiative forcing of black carbon aerosol: Constraints from pole-to-pole (HIPPO) observations across the Pacific: GLOBAL BC BUDGET AND RADIATIVE FORCING Wang, Qiaoqiao; Jacob, Daniel J.; Spackman, J. Ryan Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 119, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020824	journal	January 2014
Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models Wesely, M. L. Atmospheric Environment (1967), Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90153-4	journal	January 1989
The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning Wiedinmyer, C.; Akagi, S. K.; Yokelson, R. J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011	journal	January 2011
Estimated impact of black carbon deposition during pre-monsoon season from Nepal Climate Observatory – Pyramid data and snow albedo changes over Himalayan glaciers Yasunari, T. J.; Bonasoni, P.; Laj, P. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6603-2010	journal	January 2010
Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) Zaveri, Rahul A.; Easter, Richard C.; Fast, Jerome D. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008782	journal	January 2008
Carbonaceous aerosol composition over various regions of China during 2006 Zhang, X. Y.; Wang, Y. Q.; Zhang, X. C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009525	journal	January 2008

Cited By (7)

How Will Air Quality Change in South Asia by 2050? Kumar, Rajesh; Barth, Mary C.; Pfister, G. G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027357	journal	February 2018
Carbonaceous aerosols over Pune and Hyderabad (India) and influence of meteorological factors Ali, Kaushar; Panicker, A. S.; Beig, G. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-015-9314-4	journal	July 2015
Residential energy use emissions dominate health impacts from exposure to ambient particulate matter in India Conibear, Luke; Butt, Edward W.; Knote, Christoph Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02986-7	journal	February 2018
Multi-Model Evaluation of Meteorological Drivers, Air Pollutants and Quantification of Emission Sources over the Upper Brahmaputra Basin Saikia, Arshini; Pathak, Binita; Singh, Prashant Atmosphere, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110703	journal	November 2019
The impact of residential combustion emissions on atmospheric aerosol, human health, and climate Butt, E. W.; Rap, A.; Schmidt, A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-873-2016	journal	January 2016
Variations in O 3 , CO, and CH 4 over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season: shipborne measurements and model simulations Girach, Imran A.; Ojha, Narendra; Nair, Prabha R. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-257-2017	journal	January 2017
Variations in O₃, CO, and CH₄ over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season: Ship-borne measurements and model simulations Girach, Imran A.; Ojha, Narendra; Nair, Prabha R. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-595	posted_content	July 2016

Similar Records

Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB)

Journal Article · Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · OSTI ID:1209237

Kumar, R.; Barth, M. C.; Nair, V. S.; +7 more

Origin of surface and columnar Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) aerosols using source- and region-tagged emissions transport in a general circulation model - article no. D24211

Journal Article · Mon Dec 15 00:00:00 EST 2008 · Journal of Geophysical Research · OSTI ID:1209237

Verma, S; Venkataraman, C; Boucher, O

Source sector and region contributions to BC and PM_2.5 in Central Asia

Journal Article · Wed Feb 18 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) · OSTI ID:1209237

Kulkarni, S.; Sobhani, N.; Miller-Schulze, J. P.; +21 more

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Title: Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB)

Citation Formats

References (61)

Cited By (7)

Similar Records

Related Subjects