Acceptors in ZnO

Mccluskey, Matthew D.; Corolewski, Caleb; Lv, Jinpeng; Tarun, Marianne C.; Teklemichael, Samuel T.; Walter, Eric D.; Norton, M. G.; Harrison, Kale W.; Ha, Su Y.

doi:10.1063/1.4913827

Title: Acceptors in ZnO

Journal Article · Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of Applied Physics, 117(11):Article No. 112802

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913827· OSTI ID:1182904

Mccluskey, Matthew D.; Corolewski, Caleb; Lv, Jinpeng; Tarun, Marianne C.; Teklemichael, Samuel T.; Walter, Eric D.; Norton, M. G.; Harrison, Kale W.; Ha, Su Y.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has potential for a range of applications in the area of optoelectronics. The quest for p-type ZnO has focused much attention on acceptors. In this paper, Cu, N, and Li acceptor impurities are discussed. Experimental evidence shows that these point defects have acceptor levels 3.2, 1.5, and 0.8 eV above the valence-band maximum, respectively. The levels are deep because the ZnO valence band is quite low compared to conventional, non-oxide semiconductors. Using MoO2 contacts, the electrical resistivity of ZnO:Li was measured and showed behavior consistent with bulk hole conduction for temperatures above 400 K. A photoluminescence peak in ZnO nanocrystals has been attributed to an acceptor, which may involve a zinc vacancy. High field (W-band) electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on the nanocrystals revealed an axial center with g = 2.0033 and g = 2.0075, along with an isotropic center at g = 2.0053.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab. (EMSL)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1182904

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-104602; 47648; 42310; KP1704020

Journal Information:: Journal of Applied Physics, 117(11):Article No. 112802, Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics, 117(11):Article No. 112802

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 49 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (65)

Acceptors in ZnO nanocrystals Teklemichael, S. T.; Oo, W. M. Hlaing; McCluskey, M. D. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3598411	journal	June 2011
Thermal process dependence of Li configuration and electrical properties of Li-doped ZnO Zhang, Z.; Knutsen, K. E.; Merz, T. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3679708	journal	January 2012
Recent advances in ZnO materials and devices Look, D. C. Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 80, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(00)00604-8	journal	March 2001
Effects of an Electrically Conducting Layer at the Zinc Oxide Surface Schmidt, Oliver; Kiesel, Peter; Van de Walle, Chris G. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 44, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.44.7271	journal	October 2005
Influence of Surface Modification on the Luminescence of Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals Norberg, Nick S.; Gamelin, Daniel R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0535285	journal	November 2005
Production of nitrogen acceptors in ZnO by thermal annealing Garces, N. Y.; Giles, N. C.; Halliburton, L. E. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 80, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1450041	journal	February 2002
Oxygen and zinc vacancies in as-grown ZnO single crystals Wang, X. J.; Vlasenko, L. S.; Pearton, S. J. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 42, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/17/175411	journal	August 2009
Further characterization of oxygen vacancies and zinc vacancies in electron-irradiated ZnO Evans, S. M.; Giles, N. C.; Halliburton, L. E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2833432	journal	February 2008
Quantum size effects on the exciton energy of CdS clusters Wang, Ying; Herron, Norman Physical Review B, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.42.7253	journal	October 1990
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Na–H Complexes in ZnO Parmar, Narendra S.; McCluskey, Matthew D.; Lynn, Kelvin G. Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 42, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2723-8	journal	August 2013
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of ZnO nanoparticles annealed in hydrogen Hlaing Oo, W. M.; McCluskey, M. D.; Huso, J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 102, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2773635	journal	August 2007
Electronic Structure of Copper Impurities in ZnO Dietz, R. E.; Kamimura, H.; Sturge, M. D. Physical Review, Vol. 132, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.132.1559	journal	November 1963
Synthesis and applications of molybdenum (IV) oxide Ellefson, Caleb A.; Marin-Flores, Oscar; Ha, Su Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5918-5	journal	September 2011
Repeated temperature modulation epitaxy for p-type doping and light-emitting diode based on ZnO Tsukazaki, Atsushi; Ohtomo, Akira; Onuma, Takeyoshi Nature Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1284	journal	December 2004
Molybdenum dioxide-based anode for solid oxide fuel cell applications Kwon, Byeong Wan; Ellefson, Caleb; Breit, Joe Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.133	journal	December 2013
Impurity-bound small polarons in ZnO: Hybrid density functional calculations Du, Mao-Hua; Zhang, S. B. Physical Review B, Vol. 80, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.115217	journal	September 2009
Paramagnetic resonance of ZnO:Mn++ single crystals Hausmann, A.; Huppertz, H. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 29, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(68)90189-3	journal	August 1968
Admittance Spectroscopy of Cu-Doped ZnO Crystals Kanai, Yasuo Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, Issue Part 1, No. 4 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.30.703	journal	April 1991
Deposition of transparent and conductive Al-doped ZnO thin films for photovoltaic solar cells Martínez, M. A.; Herrero, J.; Gutiérrez, M. T. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(96)00066-9	journal	January 1997
First-Principles Calculations of Luminescence Spectrum Line Shapes for Defects in Semiconductors: The Example of GaN and ZnO Alkauskas, Audrius; Lyons, John L.; Steiauf, Daniel Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.267401	journal	December 2012
Nitrogen is a deep acceptor in ZnO Tarun, M. C.; Iqbal, M. Zafar; McCluskey, M. D. AIP Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3582819	journal	April 2011
Unambiguous identification of nitrogen-hydrogen complexes in ZnO Jokela, S. J.; McCluskey, M. D. Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.193201	journal	November 2007
Acceptor and surface states of ZnO nanocrystals: a unified model Teklemichael, S. T.; McCluskey, M. D. Nanotechnology, Vol. 22, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/47/475703	journal	November 2011
Acceptors in ZnO nanocrystals: A reinterpretation Gehlhoff, W.; Hoffmann, A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4773524	journal	December 2012
P-type doping and devices based on ZnO Look, D. C.; Claflin, B. physica status solidi (b), Vol. 241, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200304271	journal	March 2004
Measurement of wurtzite ZnO/rutile TiO2 heterojunction band offsets by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Wang, Jun; Liu, Xiang-Lin; Yang, An-Li Applied Physics A, Vol. 103, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-6048-7	journal	September 2010
n -type doping of oxides by hydrogen Kılıç, Çetin; Zunger, Alex Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1482783	journal	July 2002
Magnetic resonance studies of ZnO Carlos, W. E.; Glaser, E. R.; Look, D. C. Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 308-310 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(01)00850-X	journal	December 2001
Role of copper in the green luminescence from ZnO crystals Garces, N. Y.; Wang, L.; Bai, L. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1494125	journal	July 2002
Shallow Donor States Induced by In-Diffused Cu in ZnO: A Combined HREELS and Hybrid DFT Study Qiu, Hengshan; Gallino, Federico; Di Valentin, Cristiana Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.066401	journal	February 2011
The structure of the paramagnetic lithium center in zinc oxide and beryllium oxide Schirmer, O. F. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 29, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(68)90193-5	journal	August 1968
Effects of surface conduction on Hall-effect measurements in ZnO Look, D. C.; Mosbacker, H. L.; Strzhemechny, Y. M. Superlattices and Microstructures, Vol. 38, Issue 4-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2005.08.013	journal	October 2005
Doping of ZnO by group-IB elements Yan, Yanfa; Al-Jassim, M. M.; Wei, Su-Huai Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2378404	journal	October 2006
Solution Using a Codoping Method to Unipolarity for the Fabrication of p-Type ZnO Yamamoto, Tetsuya; Katayama, Hiroshi Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, Issue Part 2, No. 2B https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.38.L166	journal	February 1999
High Quantum Efficiency of Band-Edge Emission from ZnO Nanowires Gargas, Daniel J.; Gao, Hanwei; Wang, Hungta Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201850k	journal	September 2011
Why nitrogen cannot lead to p-type conductivity in ZnO Lyons, J. L.; Janotti, A.; Van de Walle, C. G. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3274043	journal	December 2009
Isotope shift in semiconductors with transition-metal impurities: Experiment and theory applied to $Z n O : C u$ Dahan, P.; Fleurov, V.; Thurian, P. Physical Review B, Vol. 57, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.9690	journal	April 1998
Copper impurities in bulk ZnO: A hybrid density functional study Gallino, Federico; Di Valentin, Cristiana The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 134, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3575198	journal	April 2011
Zinc vacancy and oxygen interstitial in ZnO revealed by sequential annealing and electron irradiation Knutsen, K. E.; Galeckas, A.; Zubiaga, A. Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.121203	journal	September 2012
New n -Type Transparent Conducting Oxides Minami, Tadatsugu MRS Bulletin, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.149	journal	August 2000
Luminescent Transitions Associated With Divalent Copper Impurities and the Green Emission from Semiconducting Zinc Oxide Dingle, R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.579	journal	September 1969
Properties of the intermediately bound and -excitons in ZnO:Cu Dahan, P.; Fleurov, V.; Thurian, P. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/9/007	journal	March 1998
Research opportunities on clusters and cluster-assembled materials—A Department of Energy, Council on Materials Science Panel Report Andres, R. P.; Averback, R. S.; Brown, W. L. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1989.0704	journal	June 1989
Investigation of intrinsic defects in core-shell structured ZnO nanocrystals Parashar, S. K. S.; Murty, B. S.; Repp, S. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4725478	journal	June 2012
Plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy of ZnO on c -plane sapphire: Growth and characterization Chen, Yefan; Bagnall, D. M.; Koh, Hang-jun Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 84, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368595	journal	October 1998
EPR and photoluminescence spectroscopy studies on the defect structure of ZnO nanocrystals Kaftelen, Hülya; Ocakoglu, Kasim; Thomann, Ralf Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.014113	journal	July 2012
Compensation of Acceptors in ZnO Nanocrystals by Adsorption of Formic Acid Teklemichael, Samuel T.; McCluskey, Matthew D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303835a	journal	August 2012
Causes of incorrect carrier-type identification in van der Pauw–Hall measurements Bierwagen, Oliver; Ive, Tommy; Van de Walle, Chris G. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3052930	journal	December 2008
Origin of p -type doping difficulty in ZnO: The impurity perspective Park, C. H.; Zhang, S. B.; Wei, Su-Huai Physical Review B, Vol. 66, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.073202	journal	August 2002
The origin of the red emission in n-ZnO nanotubes/p-GaN white light emitting diodes Alvi, N. H.; ul Hasan, Kamran; Nur, Omer Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-130	journal	February 2011
Cu-doping of ZnO by nuclear transmutation Selim, F. A.; Tarun, M. C.; Wall, D. E. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3662014	journal	November 2011
EasySpin, a comprehensive software package for spectral simulation and analysis in EPR Stoll, Stefan; Schweiger, Arthur Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 178, Issue 1, p. 42-55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2005.08.013	journal	January 2006
Sources of n-type conductivity in ZnO McCluskey, M. D.; Jokela, S. J. Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 401-402 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.186	journal	December 2007
Incorporation of Cu acceptors in ZnO nanocrystals Oo, W. M. Hlaing; McCluskey, M. D.; Huso, J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 108, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3486060	journal	September 2010
The yellow luminescence of zinc oxide Schirmer, O. F.; Zwingel, D. Solid State Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(70)90608-3	journal	October 1970
Metastability of Oxygen Donors in AlGaN McCluskey, M. D.; Johnson, N. M.; Van de Walle, C. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 80, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4008	journal	May 1998
A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices Özgür, Ü.; Alivov, Ya. I.; Liu, C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 98, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1992666	journal	August 2005
Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots Alivisatos, A. P. Science, Vol. 271, Issue 5251, p. 933-937 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5251.933	journal	February 1996
Trapping characteristics and a donor-complex ( $DX$ ) model for the persistent-photoconductivity trapping center in Te-doped ${Al}_{x} {Ga}_{1 - x} As$ Lang, D. V.; Logan, R. A.; Jaros, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.19.1015	journal	January 1979
Formation of Isolated Zn Vacancies in ZnO Single Crystals by Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation: A Combined Study Using Positron Annihilation, Photoluminescence, and Mass Spectroscopy Khan, Enamul H.; Weber, Marc H.; McCluskey, Matthew D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.017401	journal	July 2013
Universal alignment of hydrogen levels in semiconductors, insulators and solutions Van de Walle, Chris G.; Neugebauer, J. Nature, Vol. 423, Issue 6940 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01665	journal	June 2003
Defects in ZnO McCluskey, M. D.; Jokela, S. J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3216464	journal	October 2009
Luminescence properties of defects in ZnO Reshchikov, M. A.; Morkoç, H.; Nemeth, B. Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 401-402 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.187	journal	December 2007
Electron paramagnetic resonance and photo-electron paramagnetic resonance investigation on the recharging of the substitutional nitrogen acceptor in ZnO Stehr, J. E.; Hofmann, D. M.; Meyer, B. K. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 112, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4765729	journal	November 2012
On the role of group I elements in ZnO Meyer, B. K.; Stehr, J.; Hofstaetter, A. Applied Physics A, Vol. 88, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-007-3962-4	journal	April 2007

Cited By (9)

Tutorial: Defects in semiconductors—Combining experiment and theory Alkauskas, Audrius; McCluskey, Matthew D.; Van de Walle, Chris G. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948245	journal	May 2016
Deep donor state of the copper acceptor as a source of green luminescence in ZnO Lyons, J. L.; Alkauskas, A.; Janotti, A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4995404	journal	July 2017
Acceptor-modulated optical enhancements and band-gap narrowing in ZnO thin films Hassan, Ali; Jin, Yuhua; Irfan, Muhammad AIP Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5020830	journal	March 2018
Bandgap of cubic ZnS _1-x O _x from optical transmission spectroscopy Huso, Jesse; Bergman, Leah; McCluskey, Matthew D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064371	journal	February 2019
Recent progress of the native defects and p-type doping of zinc oxide Tang, Kun; Gu, Shu-Lin; Ye, Jian-Dong Chinese Physics B, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/26/4/047702	journal	April 2017
Magnetic coupling properties of Zn vacancies in ZnO nanowire with screw dislocation Wu, Jingjing; Tang, Xin Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4bb4	journal	September 2019
Enhancement of multi-photon Raman scattering and photoluminescence emission from Li-doped ZnO nanowires Wang, Qinge; Zhang, Jun; Yang, Song Journal of Physics Communications, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aafb7f	journal	January 2019
Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo description of nitrogen defects in zinc oxide Yu, Jaehyung; Wagner, Lucas K.; Ertekin, Elif Physical Review B, Vol. 95, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.95.075209	journal	February 2017
Metastable rocksalt ZnO is $p$-type dopable Goyal, Anuj; Stevanović, Vladan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.00360	text	January 2018

Similar Records

Acceptors in ZnO

Journal Article · Sat Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:1182904

Corolewski, Caleb D.; Lv, Jinpeng; Tarun, Marianne C.; +5 more

Acceptors in ZnO nanocrystals

Journal Article · Thu Jun 09 00:00:00 EDT 2011 · Applied Physics Letters, 98(23):Article No. 232112 · OSTI ID:1182904

Teklemichael, Samuel T; Oo, W M.H.; Matthew, McClusky; +2 more

Identification of defect-related emissions in ZnO hybrid materials

Journal Article · Mon Jul 13 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Applied Physics Letters · OSTI ID:1182904

Niu, Wei; Wang, Xuefeng; Ye, Jiandong; +7 more

Related Subjects

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

Title: Acceptors in ZnO

Citation Formats

References (65)

Cited By (9)

Similar Records

Related Subjects