Transitions from near-surface to interior redox upon lithiation in conversion electrode materials

He, Kai; Xin, Huolin L.; Zhao, Kejie; Yu, Xiqian; Norlund, Dennis; Weng, Tsu-Chien; Li, Jing; Jiang, Yi; Cadigan, Christopher A.; Richards, Ryan M.; Doeff, Marca M.; Yang, Xiao-Qing; Stach, Eric A.; Li, Ju; Lin, Feng; Su, Dong

doi:10.1021/nl5049884

Title: Transitions from near-surface to interior redox upon lithiation in conversion electrode materials

Journal Article · Thu Jan 29 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Nano Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/nl5049884· OSTI ID:1182533

He, Kai ^[1]; Xin, Huolin L. ^[1]; Zhao, Kejie ^[2]; Yu, Xiqian ^[1]; Norlund, Dennis ^[3]; Weng, Tsu-Chien ^[3]; Li, Jing ^[4]; Jiang, Yi ^[5]; Cadigan, Christopher A. ^[6]; Richards, Ryan M. ^[6]; Doeff, Marca M. ^[7]; Yang, Xiao-Qing ^[1]; Stach, Eric A. ^[1]; Li, Ju ^[2]; Lin, Feng ^[8]; Su, Dong ^[4]

Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
MIT (Massachusetts Inst. of Technology), Cambridge, MA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Stony Brook Univ., Stony Brook, NY (United States)
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Nanoparticle electrodes in lithium-ion batteries have both near-surface and interior contributions to their redox capacity, each with distinct rate capabilities. Using combined electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray methods and ab initio calculations, we have investigated the lithiation pathways that occur in NiO electrodes. We find that the near-surface electroactive (Ni²⁺→Ni⁰) sites saturated very quickly, and then encounter unexpected difficulty in propagating the phase transition into the electrode (referred to as a “shrinking-core” mode). However, the interior capacity for Ni²⁺→Ni⁰ can be accessed efficiently following the nucleation of lithiation “fingers” which propagate into the sample bulk, but only after a certain incubation time. Our microstructural observations of the transition from a slow shrinking-core mode to a faster lithiation finger mode corroborate with synchrotron characterization of large-format batteries, and can be rationalized by stress effects on transport at high-rate discharge. The finite incubation time of the lithiation fingers sets the intrinsic limitation for the rate capability (and thus the power) of NiO for electrochemical energy storage devices. The present work unravels the link between the nanoscale reaction pathways and the C-rate-dependent capacity loss, and provides guidance for the further design of battery materials that favors high C-rate charging.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC00112704

OSTI ID:: 1182533

Report Number(s):: BNL-107622-2015-JA; R&D Project: 16060; KC0403020

Journal Information:: Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 2; ISSN 1530-6984

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 80 works

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Title: Transitions from near-surface to interior redox upon lithiation in conversion electrode materials

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