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Title: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition and island growth on MgO(100).

Abstract

The research described in this product was performed in part in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The deposition and ripening of Pd atoms on the MgO(10 0) surface are modeled using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The density of Pd islands is obtained by simulating the deposition of 0.1 ML in 3 min. Two sets of kinetic parameters are tested and compared with experiment over a 200–800 K temperature range. One model is based upon parameters obtained by fitting rate equations to experimental data and assuming the Pd monomer is the only diffusing species. The other is based upon transition rates obtained from density functional theory calculations which show that small Pd clusters are also mobile. In both models, oxygen vacancy defects on the MgO surface provide strong traps for Pd monomers and serve as nucleation sites for islands. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations show that both models reproduce the experimentally observed island density versus temperature, despite large differences in the energetics and different diffusion mechanisms. The low temperature Pd island formation at defects is attributed to fastmore » monomer diffusion to defects in the rate-equation-based model, whereas in the DFT-based model, small clusters form already on terraces and diffuse to defects. In the DFT-based model, the strong dimer and trimer binding energies at charged oxygen vacancy defects prevent island ripening below the experimentally observed onset temperature of 600 K.« less

Authors:
; ; ;
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (US), Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1012315
DOE Contract Number:
AC05-76RL01830
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Resource Relation:
Journal Name: Surface Science, 601(14):3133-3142; Journal Volume: 601; Journal Issue: 14
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; PALLADIUM; DEPOSITION; SUBSTRATES; MAGNESIUM OXIDES; MONTE CARLO METHOD; KINETIC EQUATIONS; DENSITY FUNCTIONAL METHOD; BINDING ENERGY; VACANCIES; Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

Citation Formats

Xu, Lijun, Campbell, Charles T., Jonsson, Hannes, and Henkelman, Graeme A. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition and island growth on MgO(100).. United States: N. p., 2007. Web. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.05.027.
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Xu, Lijun, Campbell, Charles T., Jonsson, Hannes, & Henkelman, Graeme A. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition and island growth on MgO(100).. United States. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.05.027.
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Xu, Lijun, Campbell, Charles T., Jonsson, Hannes, and Henkelman, Graeme A. Thu . "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition and island growth on MgO(100).". United States. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2007.05.027.
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@article{osti_1012315,
title = {Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Pd deposition and island growth on MgO(100).},
author = {Xu, Lijun and Campbell, Charles T. and Jonsson, Hannes and Henkelman, Graeme A.},
abstractNote = {The research described in this product was performed in part in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The deposition and ripening of Pd atoms on the MgO(10 0) surface are modeled using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The density of Pd islands is obtained by simulating the deposition of 0.1 ML in 3 min. Two sets of kinetic parameters are tested and compared with experiment over a 200–800 K temperature range. One model is based upon parameters obtained by fitting rate equations to experimental data and assuming the Pd monomer is the only diffusing species. The other is based upon transition rates obtained from density functional theory calculations which show that small Pd clusters are also mobile. In both models, oxygen vacancy defects on the MgO surface provide strong traps for Pd monomers and serve as nucleation sites for islands. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations show that both models reproduce the experimentally observed island density versus temperature, despite large differences in the energetics and different diffusion mechanisms. The low temperature Pd island formation at defects is attributed to fast monomer diffusion to defects in the rate-equation-based model, whereas in the DFT-based model, small clusters form already on terraces and diffuse to defects. In the DFT-based model, the strong dimer and trimer binding energies at charged oxygen vacancy defects prevent island ripening below the experimentally observed onset temperature of 600 K.},
doi = {10.1016/j.susc.2007.05.027},
journal = {Surface Science, 601(14):3133-3142},
number = 14,
volume = 601,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2007},
month = {Thu May 24 00:00:00 EDT 2007}
}
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Journal Article:
DOI:  10.1016/j.susc.2007.05.027
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  • ; ; ; ... - Surface Science, 601:3133-3142
    The deposition and ripening of Pd atoms on the MgO(10 0) surface are modeled using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The density of Pd islands is obtained by simulating the deposition of 0.1 ML in 3 min. Two sets of kinetic parameters are tested and compared with experiment over a 200–800 K temperature range. One model is based upon parameters obtained by fitting rate equations to experimental data and assuming the Pd monomer is the only diffusing species. The other is based upon transition rates obtained from density functional theory calculations which show that small Pd clusters are also mobile.

  • ; ; - Journal of Catalysis
    The kinetics for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene-ethylene mixtures over model Pd(111) and bimetallic Pd-Ag alloy surfaces were examined using first principles based kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to elucidate the effects of alloying as well as process conditions (temperature and hydrogen partial pressure). The mechanisms that control the selective and unselective routes which included hydrogenation, dehydrogenation and C-C bond breaking pathways were analyzed using first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results were used to construct an intrinsic kinetic database that was used in a variable time step kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to follow the kinetics and the molecularmore » transformations in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene-ethylene feeds over Pd and Pd-Ag surfaces. The lateral interactions between coadsorbates that occur through-surface and through-space were estimated using DFT-parameterized bond order conservation and van der Waal interaction models respectively. The simulation results show that the rate of acetylene hydrogenation as well as the ethylene selectivity increase with temperature over both the Pd(111) and the Pd-Ag/Pd(111) alloy surfaces. The selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene proceeds via the formation of a vinyl intermediate. The unselective formation of ethane is the result of the over-hydrogenation of ethylene as well as over-hydrogenation of vinyl to form ethylidene. Ethylidene further hydrogenates to form ethane and dehydrogenates to form ethylidyne. While ethylidyne is not reactive, it can block adsorption sites which limit the availability of hydrogen on the surface and thus act to enhance the selectivity. Alloying Ag into the Pd surface decreases the overall rated but increases the ethylene selectivity significantly by promoting the selective hydrogenation of vinyl to ethylene and concomitantly suppressing the unselective path involving the hydrogenation of vinyl to ethylidene and the dehydrogenation ethylidene to ethylidyne. This is consistent with experimental results which suggest only the predominant hydrogenation path involving the sequential addition of hydrogen to form vinyl and ethylene exists over the Pd-Ag alloys. Ag enhances the desorption of ethylene and hydrogen from the surface thus limiting their ability to undergo subsequent reactions. The simulated apparent activation barriers were calculated to be 32-44 kJ/mol on Pd(111) and 26-31 kJ/mol on Pd-Ag/Pd(111) respectively. The reaction was found to be essentially first order in hydrogen over Pd(111) and Pd-Ag/Pd(111) surfaces. The results reveal that increases in the hydrogen partial pressure increase the activity but decrease ethylene selectivity over both Pd and Pd-Ag/Pd(111) surfaces. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.« less

  • ; - Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, Vacuum, Surfaces and Films
    Classical nucleation theory predicts that the evolution of mean island density with temperature during growth in one-dimensional systems obeys the Arrhenius relation. In this study, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a suitable atomistic lattice-gas model were performed to investigate the experimentally observed non-Arrhenius scaling behavior of island density in the case of one-dimensional Al islands grown on Si(100). Previously, it was proposed that adatom desorption resulted in a transition temperature signaling the departure from classical predictions. Here, the authors demonstrate that desorption above the transition temperature is not possible. Instead, the authors posit that the existence of a transition temperaturemore » is due to a combination of factors such as reversibility of island growth, presence of C-defects, adatom diffusion rates, as well as detachment rates at island ends. In addition, the authors show that the anomalous non-Arrhenius behavior vanishes when adatom binds irreversibly with C-defects as observed in In on Si(100) studies.« less

  • ; ; - Physical Review, B: Condensed Matter; (USA)
    The initial phase of thin-film formation from two components that are simultaneously deposited on a substrate was simulated by Monte Carlo calculations of adatom processes, e.g., surface diffusion, reevaporation, nucleation, and cluster growth by collisions and capture. Experiments had revealed that the condensation of Pd is nearly complete on NaCl at 300 {degree}C, whereas Au and Ag exhibit very low initial condensation coefficients. Therefore, the composition of the nuclei differs strongly from that of the vapor beam. Monte Carlo calculations of the composition at the early stage of Au-Pd and of Ag-Pd depositions were fitted to experimental data from earliermore » work, which allowed us to determine the differences of the atomic energy parameters of the components, e.g., of the energies of adsorption {ital E}{sub {ital a}} and of diffusion {ital E}{sub {ital d}} with high accuracy. These differences are ({ital E}{sub {ital a}}{minus}{ital E}{sub {ital d}}){sub Pd}{minus}({ital E}{sub {ital a}}{minus}{ital E}{sub {ital d}}){sub Au}=0.12{plus minus}0.03 eV, and ({ital E}{sub {ital a}}{minus}{ital E}{sub {ital d}}){sub Pd}{minus}({ital E}{sub {ital a}}{minus}{ital E}{sub {ital d}}){sub Ag}=0.25{plus minus}0.05 eV.« less

  • ; ; ; ... - Journal of Crystal Growth
    Although calcite is an important mineral for many processes, there have been relatively few simulations of it's growth and dissolution behavior. Such simulations are complicated by the multitude of defect types and by the asymmetry of the crystal. The present work combined a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) technique with the Kossel crystal (100) simple cubic concept and the Blasius boundary layer model to simulate the simultaneous growth and dissolution of the (1014)calcite cleavage surface in flowing water. The objective was to determine the activation energies of the back reaction (growth) from those of the forward reaction (dissolution) by obtaining agreementmore » with cleavage-step morphologies and step dissolution velocities previously measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Blasius boundary layer conditions for the flowing fluid defined a model that treated the solid, the dissolution/growth interface, and the fluid kinetics. Microscopic reversibility and the laws of large number s gave an expression for the back reaction activation energies in terms of the forward reaction energies and the entropy of mixing, a quantity estimated from the concentration of desorbates in a very small fluid layer adjacent to the interface. The KMC simulations produced cleavage-step morphologies that were in qualitative agreement with observations from AFM. The kinetics were dominated by diffusion events on the solid/fluid interface and in the fluid, as expected. The relative magnitudes of the desorption and adsorption activation energies were consistent with experimental data, entropic arguments, and crystal roughening theories. Qualitative agreement with measured step velocities was best when the boundary layer parameters were given physically reasonable values, indicating that the model is self consistent.« less