Review: engineering particles using the aerosol-through-plasma method

Phillips, Jonathan; Luhrs, Claudia C; Richard, Monique

doi:10.1109/TPS.2009.2016969

Title: Review: engineering particles using the aerosol-through-plasma method

Journal Article · Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2009 · IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2009.2016969· OSTI ID:956529

Phillips, Jonathan ^[1]; Luhrs, Claudia C ^[2]; Richard, Monique ^[3]

Los Alamos National Laboratory
UNM
TEMA

For decades, plasma processing of materials on the nanoscale has been an underlying enabling technology for many 'planar' technologies, particularly virtually every aspect of modern electronics from integrated-circuit fabrication with nanoscale elements to the newest generation of photovoltaics. However, it is only recent developments that suggest that plasma processing can be used to make 'particulate' structures of value in fields, including catalysis, drug delivery, imaging, higher energy density batteries, and other forms of energy storage. In this paper, the development of the science and technology of one class of plasma production of particulates, namely, aerosol-through-plasma (A-T-P), is reviewed. Various plasma systems, particularly RF and microwave, have been used to create nanoparticles of metals and ceramics, as well as supported metal catalysts. Gradually, the complexity of the nanoparticles, and concomitantly their potential value, has increased. First, unique two-layer particles were generated. These were postprocessed to create unique three-layer nanoscale particles. Also, the technique has been successfully employed to make other high-value materials, including carbon nanotubes, unsupported graphene, and spherical boron nitride. Some interesting plasma science has also emerged from efforts to characterize and map aerosol-containing plasmas. For example, it is clear that even a very low concentration of particles dramatically changes plasma characteristics. Some have also argued that the local-thermodynamic-equilibrium approach is inappropriate to these systems. Instead, it has been suggested that charged- and neutral-species models must be independently developed and allowed to 'interact' only in generation terms.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

DOE Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 956529

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-09-00337; LA-UR-09-337; ITPSBD; TRN: US201014%%1898

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 37, Issue 6; ISSN 0093-3813

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (85)

Homogeneous nucleation of particles from the vapor phase in thermal plasma synthesis Girshick, S. L.; Chiu, C. -P. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01083672	journal	September 1989
Nanoparticle formation using a plasma expansion process Rao, N.; Girshick, S.; Heberlein, J. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01447062	journal	December 1995
R.F.-plasma system for the production of ultrafine, ultrapure silicon carbide powder Hollabaugh, C. M.; Hull, D. E.; Newkirk, L. R. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 18, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544142	journal	November 1983
The Synthesis of Boron Carbide in an RF Plasma MacKinnon, I. M.; Reuben, B. G. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 122, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2134327	journal	June 1975
Aerosol flame reactors for manufacture of nanoparticles Stark, Wendelin J.; Pratsinis, Sotiris E. Powder Technology, Vol. 126, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00077-3	journal	July 2002
Thermal plasma synthesis of ultrafine iron particles Girshick, S. L.; Chiu, C. -P.; Muno, R. Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(93)90009-X	journal	May 1993
Microwave plasma synthesis of carbon-supported ultrafine metal particles Brenner, J. R.; Harkness, J. B. L.; Knickelbein, M. B. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(97)00071-8	journal	January 1997
Plasma production of metallic nanoparticles Chou, ChinHao; Phillips, Jonathan Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1992.2107	journal	August 1992
The synthesis of ultrafine titanium nitride in an r.f. plasma Yoshida, Toyonobu; Kawasaki, Akihisa; Nakagawa, Kunihiko Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00569282	journal	July 1979
Ceramic Powder Synthesis by Spray Pyrolysis Messing, Gary L.; Zhang, Shi-Chang; Jayanthi, Gopal V. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 76, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb04007.x	journal	November 1993
Gas phase synthesis of fcc-cobalt nanoparticles Grass, Robert N.; Stark, Wendelin J. Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 16, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/b601013j	journal	January 2006
Aerosol Processing of Materials Gurav, Abhijit; Kodas, Toivo; Pluym, Tammy Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829308959650	journal	January 1993
Properties of nanocrystalline zinc produced by gas condensation Recknagle, K.; Xia, Q.; Chung, J. N. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(94)90132-5	journal	January 1994
Synthesis of nanocrystalline NbAl3 by laser ablation technique Yamamoto, T.; Mazumder, J. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(96)00001-3	journal	March 1996
Enhanced magnetization of nanoscale colloidal cobalt particles Chen, J. P.; Sorensen, C. M.; Klabunde, K. J. Physical Review B, Vol. 51, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.51.11527	journal	May 1995
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Ultrafine Iron Particles Prepared by Pyrolysis of Carbonyl Iron Sawada, Yoshiaki; Kageyama, Yoshiteru; Iwata, Masashi Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 31, Issue Part 1, No. 12A https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.31.3858	journal	December 1992
Preparation of Iron Ultrafine Particles by the Dielectric Breakdown of F e ( C O ) ₅ Using a Transversely Excited Atmospheric C O ₂ Laser and Their Characteristics Majima, Tetsuro; Miyahara, Tesshu; Haneda, Koichi Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 33, Issue Part 1, No. 8 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.33.4759	journal	August 1994
Dynamics of charged species in the afterglow region of a low-pressure microwave plasma Wei, Ta-Chin; Collins, L. R.; Phillips, J. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/2/011	journal	February 1995
Flame aerosol synthesis of smart nanostructured materials Strobel, Reto; Pratsinis, Sotiris E. Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/b711652g	journal	January 2007
Characterization of a hybrid plasma and its application to a chemical synthesis Yoshida, Toyonobu; Tani, Toshihiko; Nishimura, Hirobumi Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.332070	journal	February 1983
Zirconia Nanoparticles Made in Spray Flames at High Production Rates Mueller, Roger; Jossen, Rainer; Pratsinis, Sotiris E. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 87, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00197.x	journal	February 2004
Graphitic Structures by Design Phillips, Jonathan; Shiina, Toshi; Nemer, Martin Langmuir, Vol. 22, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/la060915c	journal	November 2006
Engineering aerosol-through-plasma torch ceramic particulate structures: Influence of precursor composition Phillips, Jonathan; Luhrs, Claudia; Peng, Chunyun Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0233	journal	July 2008
Flame-made nanocrystalline ceria/zirconia doped with alumina or silica: structural properties and enhanced oxygen exchange capacity Schulz, Heiko; Stark, Wendelin J.; Maciejewski, Marek Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/b307754c	journal	January 2003
Twenty-five years after introduction of automotive catalysts: what next? Shelef, M.; McCabe, R. W. Catalysis Today, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00407-7	journal	September 2000
Catalytic Properties of Ceria and CeO ₂ -Containing Materials Trovarelli, Alessandro Catalysis Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949608006464	journal	November 1996
Production of Complex Cerium−Aluminum Oxides Using an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch Luhrs, Claudia; Phillips, Jonathan; Fanson, Paul T. Langmuir, Vol. 23, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/la063108m	journal	May 2007
Generation of Aluminum Nanoparticles Using an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch Weigle, John C.; Luhrs, Claudia C.; Chen, C. K. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 108, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp049410q	journal	November 2004
Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing Lieberman, Michael A.; Lichtenberg, Allan J. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471724254	book	January 2005
Atmospheric pressure plasmas: A review Tendero, Claire; Tixier, Christelle; Tristant, Pascal Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 61, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2005.10.003	journal	January 2006
Hollow carbon spheres with wide size distribution as anode catalyst support for direct methanol fuel cells Wen, Zhenhai; Wang, Qiang; Zhang, Qian Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.04.016	journal	August 2007
Lipid-based nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced MRI and molecular imaging Mulder, Willem J. M.; Strijkers, Gustav J.; van Tilborg, Geralda A. F. NMR in Biomedicine, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1011	journal	January 2006
Particle charging in low‐pressure plasmas Matsoukas, Themis; Russell, Marc Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 77, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.359451	journal	May 1995
A Cellular Trojan Horse for Delivery of Therapeutic Nanoparticles into Tumors Choi, Mi-Ran; Stanton-Maxey, Katie J.; Stanley, Jennifer K. Nano Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 12, p. 3759-3765 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072209h	journal	December 2007
Nanoscale Control of Near-Infrared Fluorescence Enhancement Using Au Nanoshells Bardhan, Rizia; Grady, Nathaniel K.; Halas, Naomi J. Small, Vol. 4, Issue 10, p. 1716-1722 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200800405	journal	October 2008
Sintering of silica-supported platinum catalysts during ethylene oxidation Wu, N. Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 113, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(88)90243-6	journal	September 1988
Modifying irregular titania powders in a low power microwave plasma torch Vanamu, Ganesh; Lester, Kelvin; Datye, Abhaya K. AIChE Journal, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10244	journal	August 2004
Measurement and numerical simulation of soot particle size distribution functions in a laminar premixed ethylene-oxygen-argon flame Zhao, Bin; Yang, Zhiwei; Johnston, Murray V. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 133, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(02)00574-6	journal	April 2003
Two-dimensional atomic crystals Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 30, p. 10451-10453 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502848102	journal	July 2005
Substrate-Free Gas-Phase Synthesis of Graphene Sheets Dato, Albert; Radmilovic, Velimir; Lee, Zonghoon Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl8011566	journal	July 2008
Highly ordered graphene for two dimensional electronics Hass, J.; Feng, R.; Li, T. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2358299	journal	October 2006
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Novoselov, K. S. Science, Vol. 306, Issue 5696, p. 666-669 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896	journal	October 2004
The structure of suspended graphene sheets Meyer, Jannik C.; Geim, A. K.; Katsnelson, M. I. Nature, Vol. 446, Issue 7131, p. 60-63 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05545	journal	March 2007
Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers Ferrari, A. C.; Meyer, J. C.; Scardaci, V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 18, Article No. 187401 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401	journal	October 2006
Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V. Nature, Vol. 438, Issue 7065, p. 197-200 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04233	journal	November 2005
Unconventional quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase of 2π in bilayer graphene Novoselov, K. S.; McCann, E.; Morozov, S. V. Nature Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys245	journal	February 2006
Graphene-based composite materials Stankovich, Sasha; Dikin, Dmitriy A.; Dommett, Geoffrey H. B. Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7100, p. 282-286 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04969	journal	July 2006
Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide Stankovich, Sasha; Dikin, Dmitriy A.; Piner, Richard D. Carbon, Vol. 45, Issue 7, p. 1558-1565 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034	journal	June 2007
Production of unique structures using the Aerosol-Through-Plasma (A-T-P) process Luhrs, C.; Phillips, J.; Fanson, P. T. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment https://doi.org/10.2495/HPSM080071	conference	April 2008
Plasma generation of supported metal catalysts Shim, Hyunsup; Phillips, Jonathan; Fonseca, I. M. Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 237, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00299-5	journal	November 2002
Plasma torch generation of carbon supported metal catalysts Zea, Hugo; Chen, Chun-Ku; Lester, Kelvin Catalysis Today, Vol. 89, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2003.11.033	journal	February 2004
Nonthermal RF Plasma Modifications on Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene in the Presence of Ethylene Shi, Chunkai; Jang, Ben W. -L. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 45, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0602512	journal	July 2006
Promotion Effect of the Nonthermal RF Plasma Treatment on Ni/Al₂O₃ for Benzene Hydrogenation Ratanatawanate, Chalita; Macias, Monyka; Jang, Ben W. -L. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 44, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0509645	journal	November 2005
Plasma application for more environmentally friendly catalyst preparation Liu, Chang-jun; Zou, Jijun; Yu, Kailu Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 78, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200678061227	journal	January 2006
Control of the Metal−Support Interface of NiO-Loaded Photocatalysts via Cold Plasma Treatment Zou, Ji-Jun; Liu, Chang-Jun; Zhang, Yue-Ping Langmuir, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/la052135u	journal	February 2006
Plasma torch production of macroscopic carbon nanotube structures Chen, Chun-Ku; Perry, W. Lee; Xu, Huifang Carbon, Vol. 41, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00361-0	journal	January 2003
Handbook of Advanced Plasma Processing Techniques Shul, Randy J.; Pearton, Stephen J. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56989-0	book	January 2000
Two-dimensional spatially resolved excitation and rotational temperatures as well as electron number density measurements in capacitively coupled microwave plasmas using argon, nitrogen and air as working gases by spectroscopic methods Bings, N. H.; Olschewski, M.; Broekaert, J. A. C. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 52, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0584-8547(97)00082-7	journal	November 1997
Non-thermal features of atmospheric-pressure argon and helium microwave-induced plasmas observed by laser-light Thomson scattering and Rayleigh scattering Huang, M.; Hanselman, D. S.; Jin, Q. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 45, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8547(90)80187-N	journal	January 1990
Impact of aerosol particles on the structure of an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma afterglow Chen, Chun-Ku; Phillips, Jonathan Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/35/10/308	journal	May 2002
Modelling the discharge region of a microwave generated hydrogen plasma Chen, Chun-Ku; Wei, Ta-Chin; Collins, Lance R. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/32/6/015	journal	January 1999
Random network model for heat transfer in high contrast composite materials Gerenrot, D.; Berlyand, L.; Phillips, J. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TADVP.2003.821070	journal	November 2003
Detailed model of the afterglow region of a microwave generated oxygen plasma Chou, Chin-Hao; Wei, Ta-Chin; Phillips, Jonathan Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 72, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351761	journal	August 1992
Melting and spheroidization of hexagonal boron nitride in a microwave-powered, atmospheric pressure nitrogen plasma Gleiman, S.; Chen, Chun-Ku; Datye, A. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 37, Issue 16, p. 3429-3440 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016502804363	journal	August 2002
Measurement and modeling of N‐atom behavior in the afterglow of a microwave plasma Wei, Ta‐Chin; Collins, Lance R.; Phillips, Jonathan AIChE Journal, Vol. 42, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420516	journal	May 1996
Chemical kinetics and energy transfer in moderate pressure H ₂ plasmas used in diamond MPACVD processes Hassouni, K.; Gicquel, A.; Capitelli, M. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/8/3/320	journal	July 1999
Modelling particle formation and growth in a plasma synthesis reactor Girshick, Steven L.; Chiu, Chia-Pin; McMurry, Peter H. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01016154	journal	June 1988
Modeling of direct current micro-plasma discharges in atmospheric pressure hydrogen Farouk, Tanvir; Farouk, Bakhtier; Staack, David Plasma Sources Science and Technology, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/16/3/023	journal	July 2007
Synthesis, structure, properties and magnetic applications of carbon-coated nanocrystals produced by a carbon arc McHenry, M. E.; Majetich, S. A.; Kirkpatrick, E. M. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 204, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(95)09930-1	journal	December 1995
Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging Bulte, Jeff W. M.; Modo, Michel M. J. Fundamental Biomedical Technologies https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72027-2	book	January 2008
An Electron Microscope Study on Fine Metal Particles Prepared by Evaporation in Argon Gas at Low Pressure Kimoto, Kazuo; Kamiya, Yoshihiro; Nonoyama, Minoru Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.2.702	journal	November 1963
Ultrafine particles of Fe, Co, and Ni ferromagnetic metals Gong, Wei; Li, Hua; Zhao, Zhongren Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 69, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.348144	journal	April 1991
Vaporazation and condensation of metals in a flowing gas with high velocity Iwama, S.; Hayakawa, K. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(92)90062-3	journal	March 1992
Modeling the synthesis of aluminum particles by evaporation-condensation in an aerosol flow reactor Panda, S.; Pratsinis, S. E. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(95)00292-M	journal	September 1995
Synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline metals and alloys prepared by mechanical attrition Fecht, H. J. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(92)90064-5	journal	March 1992
Structural Coherency of Graphene on Ir(111) Coraux, Johann; N‘Diaye, Alpha T.; Busse, Carsten Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0728874	journal	February 2008
The morphology and size of nanostructured Cu, Pd and W generated by sputtering Haas, V.; Birringer, R. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(92)90082-9	journal	November 1992
Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene Berger, C. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5777 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125925	journal	May 2006
Synthesis of nanophase materials by electron beam evaporation Eastman, J. A.; Thompson, L. J.; Marshall, D. J. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(93)90179-F	journal	July 1993
Highly oriented monolayer graphite formation on Pt(111) by a supersonic methane beam Ueta, Hirokazu; Saida, Morihiko; Nakai, Chikara Surface Science, Vol. 560, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.04.039	journal	July 2004
Nanoparticle generation by electron beam induced atomization of binary metal azides Herley, P. J.; Jones, W. Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(93)90028-A	journal	November 1993
Scanning tunneling microscopy of graphene on Ru(0001) Marchini, S.; Günther, S.; Wintterlin, J. Physical Review B, Vol. 76, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.075429	journal	August 2007
Raman Spectra of Graphite Oxide and Functionalized Graphene Sheets Kudin, Konstantin N.; Ozbas, Bulent; Schniepp, Hannes C. Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071822y	journal	January 2008
Transport properties of densely packed composites. Effect of shapes and spacings of inclusions Berlyand, L. The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 57, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/57.4.495	journal	November 2004
Low–power plasma torch method for the production of crystalline spherical ceramic particles Chen, Chun-Ku; Gleiman, Seth; Phillips, Jonathan Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0177	journal	May 2001

Similar Records

Center for Energy Efficient Materials (CEEM) (Final Technical Report)

Technical Report · Wed Nov 26 00:00:00 EST 2014 · OSTI ID:956529

Bowers, John

Current developments in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for use in geology, forensics, and nuclear nonproliferation research

Thesis/Dissertation · Tue Aug 26 00:00:00 EDT 2008 · OSTI ID:956529

Messerly, Joshua D.

Science and technology of thin films and interfacial layers in ferroelectric and high-dielectric constant heterostructures and application to devices.

Journal Article · Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2006 · J. Appl. Phys. · OSTI ID:956529

Auciello, O

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
BORON NITRIDES
CARBON
CATALYSIS
CATALYSTS
CERAMICS
DELIVERY
DRUGS
ENERGY DENSITY
ENERGY STORAGE
ENGINEERING
FABRICATION
LTE
MATERIALS
METALS
NANOTUBES
PARTICLES
PARTICULATES
PLASMA
PLASMA PRODUCTION
POTENTIALS
PROCESSING

Title: Review: engineering particles using the aerosol-through-plasma method

Citation Formats

References (85)

Similar Records

Related Subjects