Preliminary design and analysis of a process for the extraction of lithium from seawater

Conference · Mon Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 1975

OSTI ID:7351225

Steinberg, M; Dang, V D

The U.S. demand for lithium by the industrial sector and by a fusion power economy in the future is discussed. For a one million MW(e) CTR (D-T fuel cycle) economy, growing into the beginning of the next century (the years 2000 to 2030), the cumulative demand for lithium is estimated to range from (0.55 to 4.7) x 10/sup 7/ to 1.0 x 10/sup 9/ kg. Present estimates of the available U.S. supply are 6.9 x 10/sup 8/ kg of lithium from mineral resources and 4.0 x 10/sup 9/ kg of lithium from concentrated natural brines. There is, however, a vast supply of lithium in seawater: 2.5 x 10/sup 14/ kg. A preliminary process design for the extraction of lithium from seawater is presented: seawater is first evaporated by solar energy to increase the concentration of lithium and to decrease the concentration of other cations in the bittern which then passes into a Dowex-50 ion exchange bed for cation adsorption. Lithium ions are then eluted with dilute hydrochloric acid forming an aqueous lithium chloride which is subsequently concentrated and electrolyzed. The energy requirement for lithium extraction varies between 0.08 and 2.46 kWh(e)/gm for a range of production rates varying between 10/sup 4/ and 10/sup 8/ kg/y; this is small compared to the energy produced from the use of lithium in a CTR having a value of 3400 kWh(e)/g Li. Production cost of the process is estimated to be in the range of 2.2 to 3.2 cents/g Li. As a basis for the process design, it is recommended that a phase equilibria study of the solid--liquid crystallization processes of seawater be conducted. Uncertainties exist in the operation of large solar ponds for concentrating large quantities of seawater. A search for a highly selective adsorbent or extractant for Li from low concentration aqueous solutions should be made. Other physical separation processes such as using membranes should be investigated. 9 tables. (DLC)

• Research Organization: Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, N.Y. (USA)
• OSTI ID: 7351225
• Report Number(s): BNL-20535-R; CONF-760112-4; TRN: 76-016280
• Resource Relation: Conference: Symposium on United States lithium resources and requirements by the year 2000, Lakewood, CO, USA, 22 Jan 1976
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC
ORGANIC
PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY
14 SOLAR ENERGY
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SOLAR DISTILLATION
THERMONUCLEAR REACTOR MATERIALS
LITHIUM
SEPARATION PROCESSES
COST
ELECTROLYSIS
ENERGY DEMAND
ION EXCHANGE
SEAWATER
ALKALI METALS
ELEMENTS
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
LYSIS
METALS
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
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