Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number

Wang, Yun; Chen, Ken S.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045

Title: Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number

Abstract

In the present study, a three-dimension (3-D) model of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is employed to investigate the complex, non-isothermal, two-phase flow in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). Phase change in gas flow channels is explained, and a simplified approach accounting for phase change is incorporated into the fuel cell model. It is found that the liquid water contours in the GDL are similar along flow channels when the channels are subject to two-phase flow. Here, analysis is performed on a dimensionless parameter Da₀ introduced in our previous paper and the parameter is further evaluated in a realistic fuel cell. We found that the GDL's liquid water (or liquid-free) region is determined by the Da₀ number which lumps several parameters, including the thermal conductivity and operating temperature. By adjusting these factors, a liquid-free GDL zone can be created even though the channel stream is two-phase flow. Such a liquid-free zone is adjacent to the two-phase region, benefiting local water management, namely avoiding both severe flooding and dryness.

Authors:

^[1]; Chen, Ken S. ^[2]

The Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1340270

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1341181

Report Number(s):: SAND-2016-12864J
Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753; 650076

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Power Sources

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 315; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7753

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; polymer electrolyte fuel cells; phase change; non-isothermal; liquid water region; dimensionless number

Citation Formats


                    Wang, Yun, and Chen, Ken S. Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
        Web.  doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045.

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                    Wang, Yun, & Chen, Ken S. Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045

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                    Wang, Yun, and Chen, Ken S. 2016.  
        "Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1340270.

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@article{osti_1340270,

  title        = {Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number},

  author       = {Wang, Yun and Chen, Ken S.},

  abstractNote = {In the present study, a three-dimension (3-D) model of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is employed to investigate the complex, non-isothermal, two-phase flow in the gas diffusion layer (GDL). Phase change in gas flow channels is explained, and a simplified approach accounting for phase change is incorporated into the fuel cell model. It is found that the liquid water contours in the GDL are similar along flow channels when the channels are subject to two-phase flow. Here, analysis is performed on a dimensionless parameter Da0 introduced in our previous paper and the parameter is further evaluated in a realistic fuel cell. We found that the GDL's liquid water (or liquid-free) region is determined by the Da0 number which lumps several parameters, including the thermal conductivity and operating temperature. By adjusting these factors, a liquid-free GDL zone can be created even though the channel stream is two-phase flow. Such a liquid-free zone is adjacent to the two-phase region, benefiting local water management, namely avoiding both severe flooding and dryness.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340270},
  journal      = {Journal of Power Sources},

  issn         = {0378-7753},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 315,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Mon Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.03.045

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Works referenced in this record:

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Works referencing / citing this record:

A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack
journal, April 2019

Jayakumar, Arunkumar
Frontiers in Energy, Vol. 13, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y

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Title: Advanced control of liquid water region in diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells through a dimensionless number

Abstract

Citation Formats

A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research journal, April 2011

Fundamental Models for Fuel Cell Engineering journal, October 2004

Modeling Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, October 2004

Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells journal, June 2011

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model journal, January 1991

A Water and Heat Management Model for Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells journal, January 1993

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A Mathematical Model of the Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cell journal, September 1992

An Along‐the‐Channel Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, April 1998

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Three-dimensional computational analysis of transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell journal, April 2002

Rigorous 3-D Mathematical Modeling of PEM Fuel Cells journal, January 2003

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal, January 2000

Modeling Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Large Density and Velocity Changes journal, January 2005

Two-phase flow model of the cathode of PEM fuel cells using interdigitated flow fields journal, October 2000

A Two-Dimensional, Two-Phase, Multicomponent, Transient Model for the Cathode of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Conventional Gas Distributors journal, January 2001

A 3D, Multiphase, Multicomponent Model of the Cathode and Anode of a PEM Fuel Cell journal, January 2003

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Two-phase flow and transport in the air cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells journal, February 2001

Liquid Water Transport in Gas Diffusion Layer of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, January 2004

A Nonisothermal, Two-Phase Model for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, January 2006

A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of PEM fuel cells journal, May 2002

A Three-Dimensional, Multicomponent, Two-Phase Model for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with Straight Channels journal, February 2006

Modeling Two-Phase Behavior in PEFCs journal, January 2004

Prediction of Dry-Wet-Dry Transition in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, January 2007

Modeling of two-phase transport in the diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal, October 2008

Effect of Spatially-Varying GDL Properties and Land Compression on Water Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells journal, January 2011

Transport in Microchannels - a Critical Review journal, January 2003

A critical review of two-phase flow in gas flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells journal, August 2010

Two-phase flow in GDL and reactant channels of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell journal, April 2014

Water dynamics inside a cathode channel of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell journal, February 2013

Water Slug to Drop and Film Transitions in Gas-Flow Channels journal, November 2013

Modeling two-phase flow in PEM fuel cell channels journal, May 2008

Porous-Media Flow Fields for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal, January 2009

Two-phase flow dynamics in a micro channel with heterogeneous surfaces journal, April 2014

Two-phase flow dynamics in a micro hydrophilic channel: A theoretical and experimental study journal, March 2014

Droplet dynamics in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell gas flow channel: Forces, deformation, and detachment. I: Theoretical and numerical analyses journal, May 2012

Droplet dynamics in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell gas flow channel: Forces, Deformation and detachment. II: Comparisons of analytical solution with numerical and experimental results journal, July 2012

Simplified models for predicting the onset of liquid water droplet instability at the gas diffusion layer/gas flow channel interface journal, January 2005

Liquid droplet behavior and instability in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell flow channel journal, October 2006

Dynamic water transport and droplet emergence in PEMFC gas diffusion layers journal, January 2008

Impact of GDL structure and wettability on water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal, January 2007

Application of lattice Boltzmann method to a micro-scale flow simulation in the porous electrode of a PEM fuel cell journal, November 2007

Stochastic modeling and direct simulation of the diffusion media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal, February 2010

Measurement of thermal conductivity and heat pipe effect in hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon papers journal, May 2013

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journal, June 2011

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model
journal, January 1991

A Water and Heat Management Model for Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, January 1993

Water and Thermal Management in Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cells
journal, May 1993

A Mathematical Model of the Solid‐Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cell
journal, September 1992

An Along‐the‐Channel Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, April 1998

Two-dimensional model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
journal, November 1998

Three-dimensional computational analysis of transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell
journal, April 2002

Rigorous 3-D Mathematical Modeling of PEM Fuel Cells
journal, January 2003

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, January 2000

Modeling Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Large Density and Velocity Changes
journal, January 2005

Two-phase flow model of the cathode of PEM fuel cells using interdigitated flow fields
journal, October 2000

A Two-Dimensional, Two-Phase, Multicomponent, Transient Model for the Cathode of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Conventional Gas Distributors
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A 3D, Multiphase, Multicomponent Model of the Cathode and Anode of a PEM Fuel Cell
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Liquid Water Transport in Gas Diffusion Layer of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
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A Nonisothermal, Two-Phase Model for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
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A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of PEM fuel cells
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Modeling of two-phase transport in the diffusion media of polymer electrolyte fuel cells
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journal, April 2014

Water dynamics inside a cathode channel of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
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Droplet dynamics in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell gas flow channel: Forces, Deformation and detachment. II: Comparisons of analytical solution with numerical and experimental results
journal, July 2012

Simplified models for predicting the onset of liquid water droplet instability at the gas diffusion layer/gas flow channel interface
journal, January 2005

Liquid droplet behavior and instability in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell flow channel
journal, October 2006

Dynamic water transport and droplet emergence in PEMFC gas diffusion layers
journal, January 2008

Impact of GDL structure and wettability on water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
journal, January 2007

Application of lattice Boltzmann method to a micro-scale flow simulation in the porous electrode of a PEM fuel cell
journal, November 2007

Stochastic modeling and direct simulation of the diffusion media for polymer electrolyte fuel cells
journal, February 2010

Measurement of thermal conductivity and heat pipe effect in hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon papers
journal, May 2013

Elucidating two-phase transport in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Part 1: Characterizing flow regimes with a dimensionless group
journal, August 2011

In Situ High-Resolution Neutron Radiography of Cross-Sectional Liquid Water Profiles in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
journal, January 2008

Microporous layer for water morphology control in PEMFC
journal, May 2009

A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack
journal, April 2019