Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes

Lipatov, A.; Alhabeb, M.; Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Boson, Alex; Gogotsi, Yury G.; Sinitskii, Alexander

doi:10.1002/aelm.201600255

Title: Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual monolayer Ti3C2 MXene Flakes

Journal Article · Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Advanced Electronic Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255· OSTI ID:1337030

Lipatov, A. ^[1]; Alhabeb, M. ^[2]; Lukatskaya, Maria R. ^[2]; Boson, Alex ^[1]; Gogotsi, Yury G. ^[2]; Sinitskii, Alexander ^[1]

University of Nebraska
Drexel University

2D transition metal carbide Ti₃C₂T_x (T stands for surface termination), the most widely studied MXene, has shown outstanding electrochemical properties and promise for a number of bulk applications. However, electronic properties of individual MXene flakes, which are important for understanding the potential of these materials, remain largely unexplored. Herein, a modified synthetic method is reported for producing high-quality monolayer Ti₃C₂T_x flakes. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on monolayer Ti₃C₂T_x flakes are fabricated and their electronic properties are measured. Individual Ti3C2Tx flakes exhibit a high conductivity of 4600 ± 1100 S cm^-1 and field-effect electron mobility of 2.6 ± 0.7 cm2 V^-1 s^-1. The resistivity of multilayer Ti₃C₂T_x films is only one order of magnitude higher than the resistivity of individual flakes, which indicates a surprisingly good electron transport through the surface terminations of different flakes, unlike in many other 2D materials. Finally, the fabricated FETs are used to investigate the environmental stability and kinetics of oxidation of Ti3C2Tx flakes in humid air. The high-quality Ti₃C₂T_x flakes are reasonably stable and remain highly conductive even after their exposure to air for more than 24 h. It is demonstrated that after the initial exponential decay the conductivity of Ti₃C₂T_x flakes linearly decreases with time, which is consistent with their edge oxidation.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport Center (FIRST)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1337030

Journal Information:: Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 2; ISSN 2199-160X

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 881 works

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Tailoring Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets to tune local conductive network as an environmentally friendly material for highly efficient electromagnetic interference shielding He, Peng; Wang, Xi-Xi; Cai, Yong-Zhu Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10489a	journal	January 2019
Exploring new two-dimensional monolayers: pentagonal transition metal borides/carbides (penta-TMB/Cs) Shao, Yangfan; Shao, Mengmeng; Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00635k	journal	January 2018
g-C ₃ N ₄ /Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXenes) composite with oxidized surface groups for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution Sun, Yuliang; Jin, Di; Sun, Yuan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02706d	journal	January 2018
Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene as an excellent anode material for high-performance microbial fuel cells Liu, Da; Wang, Ruiwen; Chang, Wen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07305h	journal	January 2018
MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications Zhan, Xiaoxue; Si, Chen; Zhou, Jian Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00571d	journal	January 2020
Spontaneous MXene monolayer assembly at the liquid–air interface Petukhov, D. I.; Chumakov, A. P.; Kan, A. S. Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00525k	journal	January 2019
A two-dimensional assembly of ultrafine cobalt oxide nanocrystallites anchored on single-layer Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets with enhanced lithium storage for Li-ion batteries Sun, Xuan; Tan, Ke; Liu, Yang Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04377b	journal	January 2019
Ambient oxidation of Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene initialized by atomic defects Xia, Fanjie; Lao, Junchao; Yu, Ruohan Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07236e	journal	January 2019
An N-doped porous carbon/MXene composite as a sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries Zhang, Youquan; Tang, Wenwen; Zhan, Renming Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qi00723g	journal	January 2019
MXenes with tunable work functions and their application as electron- and hole-transport materials in non-fullerene organic solar cells Yu, Zhimeng; Feng, Wei; Lu, Wanheng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01195a	journal	January 2019
Faradaic reactions in capacitive deionization for desalination and ion separation Yu, Fei; Wang, Lei; Wang, Ying Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01264h	journal	January 2019
Two-dimensional Ti ₂ CT _x MXene membranes with integrated and ordered nanochannels for efficient solvent dehydration Liu, Guozhen; Shen, Jie; Ji, Yufan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01507h	journal	January 2019
MXenes and ultrasonication Malaki, Massoud; Maleki, Aziz; Varma, Rajender S. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01850f	journal	January 2019
Few-layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXenes coupled with Fe ₂ O ₃ nanorod arrays grown on carbon cloth as anodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors Li, Fei; Liu, Yi-Lin; Wang, Gui-Gen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08144e	journal	January 2019
Solution-processable Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x nanosheets as an efficient hole transport layer for high-performance and stable polymer solar cells Hou, Chunli; Yu, Huangzhong; Huang, Chengwen Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03415c	journal	January 2019
Enhanced stability and stacking dependent magnetic/electronic properties of 2D monolayer FeTiO ₃ on a Ti ₂ CO ₂ substrate Jin, Cui; Shang, Jing; Tang, Xiao Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04979g	journal	January 2019
Super strong 2D titanium carbide MXene-based materials: a theoretical prediction Kazemi, Seyedeh Alieh; Wang, Yun Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab5bd8	journal	December 2019
Fabrication of high-performance MXene-based all-solid-state flexible microsupercapacitor based on a facile scratch method Li, Peng; Shi, Wenhui; Liu, Wenxian Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aadad4	journal	September 2018
High areal capacitance of vanadium oxides intercalated Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene for flexible supercapacitors with high mass loading Zhang, Zezhong; Guo, Miao; Tang, Yanhong Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab6689	journal	January 2020
Elastic properties of 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene monolayers and bilayers Lipatov, Alexey; Lu, Haidong; Alhabeb, Mohamed Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0491	journal	June 2018
2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication Sarycheva, Asia; Polemi, Alessia; Liu, Yuqiao Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0920	journal	September 2018
Review—Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide MXenes and Their Emerging Applications as Electrochemical Sensors Yu, Tian; Breslin, Carmel B. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0142003jes	journal	January 2020
High Sensitivity Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Two-Dimensional MXene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenide: A Theoretical Study Xu, Yi; Ang, Yee; Wu, Lin Nanomaterials, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020165	journal	January 2019
Stamping of Flexible, Coplanar Micro-Supercapacitors Using MXene Inks Zhang, Chuanfang John; Kremer, Matthias P.; Seral-Ascaso, Andrés Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705506	journal	January 2018
Tuning Thermal Transport Through Atomically Thin Ti ₃ C ₂ T _z MXene by Current Annealing in Vacuum Hemmat, Zahra; Yasaei, Poya; Schultz, Jeremy F. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201805693	journal	March 2019
Multifunctional and Water-Resistant MXene-Decorated Polyester Textiles with Outstanding Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Joule Heating Performances Wang, Qi-Wei; Zhang, Hao-Bin; Liu, Ji Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806819	journal	December 2018
A Robust, Freestanding MXene‐Sulfur Conductive Paper for Long‐Lifetime Li–S Batteries Tang, Huan; Li, Wenlong; Pan, Limei Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901907	journal	May 2019
Electrically Robust Single‐Crystalline WTe ₂ Nanobelts for Nanoscale Electrical Interconnects Song, Seunguk; Kim, Se‐Yang; Kwak, Jinsung Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801370	journal	December 2018
Ultrastrong and Highly Conductive MXene‐Based Films for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Liu, Ji; Liu, Zhangshuo; Zhang, Hao‐Bin Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201901094	journal	November 2019
Comprehensive New Insights and Perspectives into Ti-Based Anodes for Next-Generation Alkaline Metal (Na ⁺ , K ⁺ ) Ion Batteries Wang, Nana; Chu, Chenxiao; Xu, Xun Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801888	journal	August 2018
Low‐Temperature Reduction Strategy Synthesized Si/Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Composite Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries Hui, Xiaobin; Zhao, Ruizheng; Zhang, Peng Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901065	journal	July 2019
Emerging 2D Layered Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Bati, Abdulaziz S. R.; Batmunkh, Munkhbayar; Shapter, Joseph G. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902253	journal	April 2020
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201809662	journal	November 2018
Elucidating Ultrafast Molecular Permeation through Well‐Defined 2D Nanochannels of Lamellar Membranes Wu, Xiaoli; Cui, Xulin; Wu, Wenjia Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201912570	journal	November 2019
Laser‐Cutting Fabrication of Mxene‐Based Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitors with High Areal Capacitance Wang, Na; Liu, Jinzhang; Zhao, Yi ChemNanoMat, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201800674	journal	March 2019
2 D MXene‐based Energy Storage Materials: Interfacial Structure Design and Functionalization Fang, Ruyi; Lu, Chengwei; Chen, Anqi ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902537	journal	March 2020
Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes): Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Ma, Yonglu; Zhang, Xuetao ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12058	journal	March 2020
Two‐dimensional MXenes for lithium‐sulfur batteries Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Cui, Linfan; Abdolhosseinzadeh, Sina InfoMat, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12080	journal	January 2020
Multifunctional, Superelastic, and Lightweight MXene/Polyimide Aerogels Liu, Ji; Zhang, Hao-Bin; Xie, Xi Small, Vol. 14, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802479	journal	October 2018
In situ atomistic insight into the growth mechanisms of single layer 2D transition metal carbides Sang, Xiahan; Xie, Yu; Yilmaz, Dundar E. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04610-0	journal	June 2018
Functionalization of 2D materials for enhancing OER/ORR catalytic activity in Li–oxygen batteries Ostadhossein, Alireza; Guo, Jack; Simeski, Filip Communications Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-019-0196-2	journal	August 2019
Solution-processed titanium carbide MXene films examined as highly transparent conductors Mariano, Marina; Mashtalir, Olha; Antonio, Francisco Q. Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr03682a	journal	January 2016
MXene/graphene hybrid fibers for high performance flexible supercapacitors Yang, Qiuyan; Xu, Zhen; Fang, Bo J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 5, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07999k	journal	January 2017
MXene: an emerging two-dimensional material for future energy conversion and storage applications Chaudhari, Nitin K.; Jin, Hanuel; Kim, Byeongyoon Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09094c	journal	January 2017
The synergetic effects of Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene and Pt as co-catalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over g-C ₃ N ₄ An, Xiaoqiang; Wang, Wei; Wang, Jiangpeng Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01123k	journal	January 2018
On the Structural Stability of MXene and the Role of Transition Metal Adatoms Palisaitis, Justinas; Persson, Ingemar; Halim, Joseph Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01986j	journal	January 2018
Self-assembled Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene and N-rich porous carbon hybrids as superior anodes for high-performance potassium-ion batteries Zhao, Ruizheng; Di, Haoxiang; Hui, Xiaobin Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03250a	journal	January 2020
Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films Lee, Yonghee; Kim, Seon Joon; Kim, Yong-Jae Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07036b	journal	January 2020
MXene supported Co _x A _y (A = OH, P, Se) electrocatalysts for overall water splitting: unveiling the role of anions in intrinsic activity and stability Selvam, N. Clament Sagaya; Lee, Jooyoung; Choi, Gwan H. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10664b	journal	January 2019
Realization of 2D crystalline metal nitrides via selective atomic substitution Cao, Jun; Li, Tianshu; Gao, Hongze Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8784	journal	January 2020
Review— Recent Exploration of Two-Dimensional MXenes for Gas Sensing: From a Theoretical to an Experimental View Lee, Eunji; Kim, Dong-Joo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0152003jes	journal	January 2020
MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation Ding, Li; Wei, Yanying; Li, Libo London : Nature Publishing Group https://doi.org/10.15488/3192	other	January 2018
Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Gogotsi, Yury Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804779	journal	November 2018
Hydrous RuO ₂ ‐Decorated MXene Coordinating with Silver Nanowire Inks Enabling Fully Printed Micro‐Supercapacitors with Extraordinary Volumetric Performance Li, Hongpeng; Li, Xiran; Liang, Jiajie Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803987	journal	February 2019
Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXene)‐Silicon Heterojunction for Efficient Photovoltaic Cells Yu, LePing; Bati, Abdulaziz S. R.; Grace, Tom S. L. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201901063	journal	July 2019
A Regularly Channeled Lamellar Membrane for Unparalleled Water and Organics Permeation Wang, Jingtao; Chen, Pingping; Shi, Benbing Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201801094	journal	March 2018
Two‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Zhang, Ying; Li, Linbo; Guo, Si‐Xuan ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901794	journal	October 2019
Remarkable differences in the voltammetric response towards hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and Ru(NH3)63+ of electrode interfaces modified with HF or LiF-HCl etched Ti3C2Tx MXene Gajdosova, Veronika; Lorencova, Lenka; Prochazka, Michal Microchimica Acta, Vol. 187, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-4049-6	journal	December 2019
MXene molecular sieving membranes for highly efficient gas separation Ding, Li; Wei, Yanying; Li, Libo Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02529-6	journal	January 2018
High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink Zhang, Chuanfang; Park, Sang-Hoon; Seral‐Ascaso, Andrés Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08383-y	journal	February 2019
Ionic liquid pre-intercalated MXene films for ionogel-based flexible micro-supercapacitors with high volumetric energy density Zheng, Shuanghao; Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Zhou, Feng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02190f	journal	January 2019
Passively Q-switched Ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on broadband multilayer Platinum Ditelluride (PtTe2) saturable absorber Cheng, Ping Kwong; Tang, Chun Yin; Wang, Xin Yu Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46658-y	journal	July 2019
Thick and freestanding MXene/PANI pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh specific capacitance VahidMohammadi, Armin; Moncada, Jorge; Chen, Hengze Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05807e	journal	January 2018
Modified MXene/Holey Graphene Films for Advanced Supercapacitor Electrodes with Superior Energy Storage Fan, Zhimin; Wang, Youshan; Xie, Zhimin Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800750	journal	August 2018
Emerging two-dimensional noncarbon nanomaterials for flexible lithium-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges Li, Yan; Wang, Renheng; Guo, Zhinan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta09377j	journal	January 2019
Pristine Titanium Carbide MXene Films with Environmentally Stable Conductivity and Superior Mechanical Strength Chen, Hongwu; Wen, Yeye; Qi, Yingyi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906996	journal	November 2019
A Facile, High‐Yield, and Freeze‐and‐Thaw‐Assisted Approach to Fabricate MXene with Plentiful Wrinkles and Its Application in On‐Chip Micro‐Supercapacitors Huang, Xianwu; Wu, Peiyi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910048	journal	February 2020
Equilibrium and non-equilibrium free carrier dynamics in 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXenes: THz spectroscopy study Li, Guangjiang; Kushnir, Kateryna; Dong, Yongchang 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aacb9e	journal	June 2018
Realization of 2D Crystalline Metal Nitrides via Selective Atomic Substitution Cao, Jun; Li, Tianshu; Gao, Hongze arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.01695	preprint	January 2019
Nanohybrids of a MXene and transition metal dichalcogenide for selective detection of volatile organic compounds Chen, Winston Yenyu; Jiang, Xiaofan; Lai, Sz-Nian Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15092-4	journal	March 2020
Efficient Antibacterial Membrane based on Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) Nanosheets Rasool, Kashif; Mahmoud, Khaled A.; Johnson, Daniel J. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01714-3	journal	May 2017

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