Evidence-based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration

Diefenderfer, Heida L.; Johnson, Gary E.; Thom, Ronald M.; Buenau, Kate E.; Weitkamp, Laurie A.; Woodley, Christa M.; Borde, Amy B.; Kropp, Roy K.

doi:10.1002/ecs2.1242

Title: Evidence-based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration

Journal Article · Fri Mar 18 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Ecosphere

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1242· OSTI ID:1249268

Diefenderfer, Heida L. ^[1]; Johnson, Gary E. ^[1]; Thom, Ronald M. ^[1]; Buenau, Kate E. ^[1]; Weitkamp, Laurie A. ^[2]; Woodley, Christa M. ^[1]; Borde, Amy B. ^[1]; Kropp, Roy K. ^[1]

Pacific Northwest National Lab., Sequim, WA (United States)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR (United States)

Evaluating the cumulative effects of large-scale ecological restoration programs is necessary to inform adaptive ecosystem management and provide society with resilient and sustainable services. However, complex linkages between restorative actions and ecosystem responses make evaluations problematic. Despite long-term federal investments in restoring aquatic ecosystems, no standard evaluation method has been adopted and most programs focus on monitoring and analysis, not synthesis and evaluation. In this paper, we demonstrate a new transdisciplinary approach integrating techniques from evidence-based medicine, critical thinking, and cumulative effects assessment. Tiered hypotheses are identified using an ecosystem conceptual model. The systematic literature review at the core of evidence-based assessment becomes one of many lines of evidence assessed collectively, using critical thinking strategies and causal criteria from a cumulative effects perspective. As a demonstration, we analyzed data from 166 locations on the Columbia River and estuary representing 12 indicators of habitat and fish response to floodplain restoration actions intended to benefit threatened and endangered salmon. Synthesis of seven lines of evidence showed that hydrologic reconnection promoted macrodetritis export, prey availability, and fish access and feeding. The evidence was sufficient to infer cross-boundary, indirect, compounding and delayed cumulative effects, and suggestive of nonlinear, landscape-scale, and spatial density effects. On the basis of causal inferences regarding food web functions, we concluded that the restoration program has a cumulative beneficial effect on juvenile salmon. As a result, this evidence-based approach will enable the evaluation of restoration in complex coastal and riverine ecosystems where data have accumulated without sufficient synthesis.

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Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1249268

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-104585; 400403209

Journal Information:: Ecosphere, Vol. 7, Issue 3; ISSN 2150-8925

Publisher:: Ecological Society of AmericaCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 30 works

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causal criteria
critical thinking
cumulative effects
evidence-based medicine
fisheries
floodplain food web
habitat connectivity
hydropower mitigation
large-scale ecosystem restoration
salmon recovery
sustainability science
systematic review
tidal wetlands

Title: Evidence-based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration

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