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Title: The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models

Journal Article · · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)
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  1. Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY (United States)
  2. Univ. of Crete, Heraklion (Greece); Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras (Greece)
  3. Univ. of Crete, Heraklion (Greece)
  4. Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
  5. Univ. of Sao Paulo (Brazil)
  6. Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
  7. Lab. des Sciences du Climate et de l'Environment, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
  8. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter (United Kingdom); Johannes Gutenberg Univ., Mainz (Germany)
  9. ECMWF, Reading (United Kingdom)
  10. Finnish Meteorological Inst. (FMI), Kuopio (Finland)
  11. Univ. of Oslo, Oslo (Norway); Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo (Norway)
  12. North-West Univ., Potchefstroom (South Africa)
  13. Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  14. Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom)
  15. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  16. Univ. of L'Aquila (Italy)
  17. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  18. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
  19. Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, ON (Canada)
  20. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
  21. Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland); Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WFL) - Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SFL), Davos (Switzerland)
  22. ECMWF, Reading (United Kingdom); Univ. of Oslo, Oslo (Norway); Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo (Norway)
  23. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  24. ECMWF, Reading (United Kingdom); King's College London, London (United Kingdom); Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz (Germany)
  25. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo (Norway)
  26. Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY (United States); Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Washington, D.C. (United States)
  27. Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States); Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY (United States)
  28. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
  29. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (United States)
  30. State Univ. of New York, Albany, NY (United States)
  31. Environment Canada, Victoria (Canada); State Univ. of New York, Albany, NY (United States)
  32. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels (Belgium)
  33. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo (Norway)
  34. Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)
  35. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg (Germany); Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki (Finland)
  36. Istanbul Technical Univ. (Turkey)
  37. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz (Germany); Univ. of Leeds, Leeds (United Kingdom)
  38. Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States); NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY (United States); Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)
  39. Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  40. Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka (Japan)
  41. North-West Univ., Potchefstroom (South Africa); Univ. of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (Finland)
  42. Johannes Gutenberg Univ., Mainz (Germany)
  43. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DeBilt (The Netherlands)
  44. Environment Canada, Victoria (Canada)
  45. China Meteorological Administration, Beijing (China)
  46. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing (China)
  47. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg (Germany)
  48. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

This paper evaluates the current status of global modeling of the organic aerosol (OA) in the troposphere and analyzes the differences between models as well as between models and observations. Thirty-one global chemistry transport models (CTMs) and general circulation models (GCMs) have participated in this intercomparison, in the framework of AeroCom phase II. The simulation of OA varies greatly between models in terms of the magnitude of primary emissions, secondary OA (SOA) formation, the number of OA species used (2 to 62), the complexity of OA parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, chemical aging, multiphase chemistry, aerosol microphysics), and the OA physical, chemical and optical properties. The diversity of the global OA simulation results has increased since earlier AeroCom experiments, mainly due to the increasing complexity of the SOA parameterization in models, and the implementation of new, highly uncertain, OA sources. Diversity of over one order of magnitude exists in the modeled vertical distribution of OA concentrations that deserves a dedicated future study. Furthermore, although the OA / OC ratio depends on OA sources and atmospheric processing, and is important for model evaluation against OA and OC observations, it is resolved only by a few global models. The median global primary OA (POA) source strength is 56 Tg a–1 (range 34–144 Tg a−1) and the median SOA source strength (natural and anthropogenic) is 19 Tg a–1 (range 13–121 Tg a−1). Among the models that take into account the semi-volatile SOA nature, the median source is calculated to be 51 Tg a–1 (range 16–121 Tg a−1), much larger than the median value of the models that calculate SOA in a more simplistic way (19 Tg a–1; range 13–20 Tg a–1, with one model at 37 Tg a−1). The median atmospheric burden of OA is 1.4 Tg (24 models in the range of 0.6–2.0 Tg and 4 between 2.0 and 3.8 Tg), with a median OA lifetime of 5.4 days (range 3.8–9.6 days). In models that reported both OA and sulfate burdens, the median value of the OA/sulfate burden ratio is calculated to be 0.77; 13 models calculate a ratio lower than 1, and 9 models higher than 1. For 26 models that reported OA deposition fluxes, the median wet removal is 70 Tg a–1 (range 28–209 Tg a−1), which is on average 85% of the total OA deposition. Fine aerosol organic carbon (OC) and OA observations from continuous monitoring networks and individual field campaigns have been used for model evaluation. At urban locations, the model–observation comparison indicates missing knowledge on anthropogenic OA sources, both strength and seasonality. The combined model–measurements analysis suggests the existence of increased OA levels during summer due to biogenic SOA formation over large areas of the USA that can be of the same order of magnitude as the POA, even at urban locations, and contribute to the measured urban seasonal pattern. Global models are able to simulate the high secondary character of OA observed in the atmosphere as a result of SOA formation and POA aging, although the amount of OA present in the atmosphere remains largely underestimated, with a mean normalized bias (MNB) equal to –0.62 (–0.51) based on the comparison against OC (OA) urban data of all models at the surface, –0.15 (+0.51) when compared with remote measurements, and –0.30 for marine locations with OC data. The mean temporal correlations across all stations are low when compared with OC (OA) measurements: 0.47 (0.52) for urban stations, 0.39 (0.37) for remote stations, and 0.25 for marine stations with OC data. The combination of high (negative) MNB and higher correlation at urban stations when compared with the low MNB and lower correlation at remote sites suggests that knowledge about the processes that govern aerosol processing, transport and removal, on top of their sources, is important at the remote stations. There is no clear change in model skill with increasing model complexity with regard to OC or OA mass concentration. As a result, the complexity is needed in models in order to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural OA as needed for climate mitigation, and to calculate the impact of OA on climate accurately.

Research Organization:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-76RL01830
OSTI ID:
1165323
Report Number(s):
PNNL-SA-101226; KP1703020
Journal Information:
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Vol. 14, Issue 19; ISSN 1680-7324
Publisher:
European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 286 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics text January 2018
Functionalization and fragmentation during ambient organic aerosol aging: application of the 2-D volatility basis set to field studies text January 2012
Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget journal January 2011
Tropospheric aerosol ionic composition in the Eastern Mediterranean region journal January 1997
Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application journal January 2010
Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies journal January 2011
Particle partitioning potential of organic compounds is highest in the Eastern US and driven by anthropogenic water journal January 2013
Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) journal January 2006
Critical assessment of the current state of scientific knowledge, terminology, and research needs concerning the role of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, climate, and global change text January 2005
Aerosol indirect effects - general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data text January 2009
Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity text January 2014
Re-analysis of tropospheric sulfate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980–2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ text January 2011
Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols journal January 2011
Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review journal January 2004
Piecewise log-normal approximation of size distributions for aerosol modelling posted_content June 2005
The influence of natural and anthropogenic secondary sources on the glyoxal global distribution journal January 2008
Evaluation of aerosol distributions in the GISS-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model with remote sensing observations journal September 2009
Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation text January 2001
Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area text January 2010
A sea-state based source function for size- and composition-resolved marine aerosol production journal September 2010
An AeroCom initial assessment – optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models journal January 2005
Simulating the oxygen content of ambient organic aerosol with the 2D volatility basis set text January 2011
A two-dimensional volatility basis set: 1. organic-aerosol mixing thermodynamics text January 2011
Modeling global secondary organic aerosol formation and processing with the volatility basis set: Implications for anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol text January 2010
The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues text January 2009
A review of the anthropogenic influence on biogenic secondary organic aerosol text January 2011
Anthropogenic influence on SOA and the resulting radiative forcing text January 2009
The European aerosol budget in 2006 journal September 2010
Reanalysis of tropospheric sulphate aerosol and ozone for the period 1980–2005 using the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ journal March 2011
MATRIX (Multiconfiguration Aerosol TRacker of mIXing state): an aerosol microphysical module for global atmospheric models journal January 2008
The global chemistry transport model TM5: description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0 journal July 2010
Short-Term Variability of Atmospheric DMS and Its Oxidation Products at Amsterdam Island during Summer Time journal July 2001
Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model journal September 2001
Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM text January 2010
The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM, version 2: sensitivity to improvements in process representations text January 2012
Naturally driven variability in the global secondary organic aerosol over a decade journal March 2005
Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol journal October 2009

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Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols journal April 2017
Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics journal November 2019
Enhanced global primary production by biogenic aerosol via diffuse radiation fertilization journal August 2018
Extreme air pollution events in Hokkaido, Japan, traced back to early snowmelt and large-scale wildfires over East Eurasia: Case studies journal April 2018
Organosulfates in the Midwestern United States: abundance, composition and stability journal January 2019
Effect of model errors in ambient air humidity on the aerosol optical depth obtained via aerosol hygroscopicity in eastern China in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project datasets journal March 2019
Comparison of Measurement-Based Methodologies to Apportion Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC) in PM2.5: A Review of Recent Studies journal November 2018
Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity journal January 2014
Multiday production of condensing organic aerosol mass in urban and forest outflow journal January 2015
Evaluation of European air quality modelled by CAMx including the volatility basis set scheme journal January 2016
Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations journal January 2016
Global and regional radiative forcing from 20 % reductions in BC, OC and SO 4 – an HTAP2 multi-model study journal January 2016
Simulating secondary organic aerosol in a regional air quality model using the statistical oxidation model – Part 2: Assessing the influence of vapor wall losses journal January 2016
Future vegetation–climate interactions in Eastern Siberia: an assessment of the competing effects of CO2 and secondary organic aerosols journal January 2016
Influence of seed aerosol surface area and oxidation rate on vapor wall deposition and SOA mass yields: a case study with α -pinene ozonolysis journal January 2016
Semivolatile POA and parameterized total combustion SOA in CMAQv5.2: impacts on source strength and partitioning journal January 2017
Impacts of large-scale atmospheric circulation changes in winter on black carbon transport and deposition to the Arctic journal January 2017
Modelling winter organic aerosol at the European scale with CAMx: evaluation and source apportionment with a VBS parameterization based on novel wood burning smog chamber experiments journal January 2017
Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States journal January 2018
Exploration of the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation and organic species properties using explicit simulations: development of the VBS-GECKO parameterization journal January 2018
Comparison of secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene on initially wet and dry ammonium sulfate particles at moderate relative humidity journal January 2018
Exploring the observational constraints on the simulation of brown carbon journal January 2018
Vertical distribution of aerosols over the Maritime Continent during El Niño journal January 2018
Strong impacts on aerosol indirect effects from historical oxidant changes journal January 2018
Aerosol and physical atmosphere model parameters are both important sources of uncertainty in aerosol ERF journal January 2018
Nonlinear behavior of organic aerosol in biomass burning plumes: a microphysical model analysis journal January 2019
Relative-humidity-dependent organic aerosol thermodynamics via an efficient reduced-complexity model journal January 2019
Wintertime secondary organic aerosol formation in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH): contributions of HONO sources and heterogeneous reactions journal January 2019
Multi-model evaluation of short-lived pollutant distributions over East Asia during summer 2008 journal January 2015
MATRIX-VBS (v1.0): implementing an evolving organic aerosol volatility in an aerosol microphysics model journal January 2017
Isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol in the global aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0–HAM2.3–MOZ1.0 journal January 2018
ORACLE 2-D (v2.0): an efficient module to compute the volatility and oxygen content of organic aerosol with a global chemistry–climate model journal January 2018
The roles of volatile organic compound deposition and oxidation mechanisms in determining secondary organic aerosol production: a global perspective using the UKCA chemistry–climate model (vn8.4) journal January 2019
The Present and Future of Secondary Organic Aerosol Direct Forcing on Climate journal March 2018
Reply to: Complexities between plants and the atmosphere journal August 2019
Direct measurements of semi-volatile organic compound dynamics show near-unity mass accommodation coefficients for diverse aerosols journal August 2019
A light-driven burst of hydroxyl radicals dominates oxidation chemistry in newly activated cloud droplets journal May 2019
The fuel of atmospheric chemistry: Toward a complete description of reactive organic carbon journal February 2020
Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants journal January 2015
Climate responses to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived climate pollutants journal January 2015
Multi-model evaluation of short-lived pollutant distributions over east Asia during summer 2008 journal January 2016
Evaluation of climate model aerosol seasonal and spatial variability over Africa using AERONET journal January 2017
Constraining uncertainties in particle-wall deposition correction during SOA formation in chamber experiments journal January 2017
Global climate forcing driven by altered BVOC fluxes from 1990 to 2010 land cover change in maritime Southeast Asia journal January 2018
Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses journal January 2018
Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia journal January 2018
The impact of biogenic, anthropogenic, and biomass burning volatile organic compound emissions on regional and seasonal variations in secondary organic aerosol journal January 2018
Multiday production of condensing organic aerosol mass in urban and forest outflow posted_content July 2014
Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009 journal January 2015
In situ secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient pine forest air using an oxidation flow reactor journal January 2015
SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0 journal January 2018
A production-tagged aerosol module for Earth system models, OsloAero5.3 – extensions and updates for CAM5.3-Oslo journal January 2018
Description and evaluation of the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS-AER, cycle 45R1) journal January 2019
The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: trends, drivers, and projections (1981–2100) journal January 2016
Aerosols in atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles of nutrients text January 2018
Fatty Acid Surfactant Photochemistry Results in New Particle Formation journal October 2017
Mechanism of SOA formation determines magnitude of radiative effects journal November 2017
Simulating secondary organic aerosol from missing diesel-related intermediate-volatility organic compound emissions during the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) campaign journal January 2016
Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment journal January 2017
Interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere, and ecosystems at northern high latitudes journal January 2019
BVOC–aerosol–climate feedbacks investigated using NorESM journal January 2019
Evaluation of global simulations of aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei number, with implications for cloud droplet formation journal January 2019
The effect of dry and wet deposition of condensable vapors on secondary organic aerosols concentrations over the continental US journal January 2014
Future vegetation–climate interactions in Eastern Siberia: an assessment of the competing effects of CO2 and secondary organic aerosols posted_content October 2015
Rethinking the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget: stronger production, faster removal, shorter lifetime journal January 2015
Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean: a 3-D global modeling study journal January 2016
Description and evaluation of tropospheric chemistry and aerosols in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2) journal January 2015
Advanced aerosol optical tweezers chamber design to facilitate phase-separation and equilibration timescale experiments on complex droplets text January 2016
Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest journal March 2019
Advanced aerosol optical tweezers chamber design to facilitate phase-separation and equilibration timescale experiments on complex droplets journal August 2016
Regional and seasonal radiative forcing by perturbations to aerosol and ozone precursor emissions journal January 2016
Global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the ORCHIDEE and MEGAN models and sensitivity to key parameters journal January 2016
In situ constraints on the vertical distribution of global aerosol journal January 2019
Assessment of dicarbonyl contributions to secondary organic aerosols over China using RAMS-CMAQ journal January 2019
Future vegetation–climate interactions in Eastern Siberia: an assessment of the competing effects of CO2 and secondary organic aerosols text January 2015
Field intercomparison of the gas/particle partitioning of oxygenated organics during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in 2013 text January 2016
Field intercomparison of the gas/particle partitioning of oxygenated organics during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in 2013 journal September 2016
A light-driven burst of hydroxyl radicals dominates oxidation chemistry in newly activated cloud droplets. text January 2019
SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol-chemistry-climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0 text January 2018
Modelled and observed changes in aerosols and surface solar radiation over Europe between 1960 and 2009 journal January 2015
Volatility and lifetime against OH heterogeneous reaction of ambient isoprene-epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) journal January 2016
Optimization of process models for determining volatility distribution and viscosity of organic aerosols from isothermal particle evaporation data journal January 2019
Assimilation of MODIS Dark Target and Deep Blue observations in the dust aerosol component of NMMB-MONARCH version 1.0 journal January 2017
The impact of precipitation evaporation on the atmospheric aerosol distribution in EC-Earth v3.2.0 journal January 2018
A simplified parameterization of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) for global chemistry and climate models: a case study with GEOS-Chem v11-02-rc journal January 2019
Development and basic evaluation of a prognostic aerosol scheme (v1) in the CNRM Climate Model CNRM-CM6 journal January 2015
Intercomparison and evaluation of global aerosol microphysical properties among AeroCom models of a range of complexity text January 2014
Evaluation of global simulations of aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei number, with implications for cloud droplet formation text January 2019
In situ secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient pine forest air using an oxidation flow reactor journal January 2016
IAP-AACM v1.0: a global to regional evaluation of the atmospheric chemistry model in CAS-ESM journal January 2019
Global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the ORCHIDEE and MEGAN models and sensitivity to key parameters journal January 2015
Trends of inorganic and organic aerosols and precursor gases in Europe: insights from the EURODELTA multi-model experiment over the 1990–2010 period journal January 2019
Organic Compounds in a Sub-Antarctic Ice Core: A Potential Suite of Sea Ice Markers. text January 2019
Effect of the Aerosol Model Assumption on the Atmospheric Correction over Land: Case Studies with CHRIS/PROBA Hyperspectral Images over Benelux journal June 2015
Uncertainty in aerosol hygroscopicity resulting from semi-volatile organic compounds journal January 2018
Biomass burning aerosol over the Amazon: analysis of aircraft, surface and satellite observations using a global aerosol model journal January 2019
A new model mechanism for atmospheric oxidation of isoprene: global effects on oxidants, nitrogen oxides, organic products, and secondary organic aerosol journal January 2019
Evaluation of climate model aerosol trends with ground-based observations over the last 2 decades – an AeroCom and CMIP6 analysis journal November 2020
Effects of black carbon mitigation on Arctic climate journal May 2020
Cloudy-sky contributions to the direct aerosol effect journal July 2020
Open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws: primary emissions, photochemical aging, and secondary organic aerosol formation journal August 2017
In-situ constraints on the vertical distribution of global aerosol posted_content February 2019
A global model perturbed parameter ensemble study of secondary organic aerosol formation journal February 2021
Future changes in isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX SOA) under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: the importance of physicochemical dependency journal January 2021
Global aerosol simulations using NICAM.16 on a 14 km grid spacing for a climate study: improved and remaining issues relative to a lower-resolution model journal August 2020
The impact of precipitation evaporation on the atmospheric aerosol distribution in EC-Earth v3.2.0 journal December 2017
Simulation of tropospheric chemistry and aerosols with the climate model EC-Earth journal January 2014
Representation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) CAM4-chem within the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) journal January 2016

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Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
AeroCom
intercomparison
organic aerosol
global models