Formulating energy density for designing practical lithium–sulfur batteries
We report the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is one of the most promising battery systems due to its high theoretical energy density and low cost. Despite impressive progress in its development, there has been a lack of comprehensive analyses of key performance parameters affecting the energy density of Li–S batteries. Here, we analyse the potential causes of energy loss during battery operations. We identify two key descriptors (Rweight and Renergy) that represent the mass- and energy-level compromise of the full-cell energy density, respectively. A formulation for energy density calculations is proposed based on critical parameters, including sulfur mass loading, sulfur massmore »