A new practical index for calcium carbonate scale prediction in cooling tower systems
- Puckorius and Associates Inc., Evergreen, CO (US)
- Puckorius and Associates, Inc., Sweeny, TX (US)
Some calcium carbonate scaling indexes are shown to be ineffective an inaccurate in concentrated cooling tower water at pH levels above 7.5. In addition, there is a misunderstanding by many water treatment vendors on the use of the indexes. This has resulted in confusion by both end-users and vendors. More importantly, these indexes are shown to be inaccurate and ineffective for calcium carbonate scale prediction. This paper reviews many of the available indexes, the basis for their calculations, how they compare, and which are effective in cooling water systems. The development of a new index was started over 10 years ago and has been verified in operating systems. Since most cooling water treatment programs now operate at a pH level above 7.5 and as high as 9+, the index provides a more accurate and practical estimation of calcium carbonate scaling tendencies. Case histories are provided to show a comparison with other indexes, such as the Ryznar and Langelier indexes.
- OSTI ID:
- 7117005
- Journal Information:
- Corrosion (Houston); (United States), Vol. 47:4; ISSN 0010-9312
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
42 ENGINEERING
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
CALCIUM CARBONATES
CORROSIVE EFFECTS
COOLING TOWERS
WATER TREATMENT
HEAT EXCHANGERS
WATER CHEMISTRY
REACTOR COMPONENTS
CORROSION PROTECTION
CALCULATION METHODS
DESIGN
PERFORMANCE TESTING
PH VALUE
ALKALINE EARTH METAL COMPOUNDS
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBONATES
CHEMISTRY
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
TESTING
220100* - Nuclear Reactor Technology- Theory & Calculation
420400 - Engineering- Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow
360105 - Metals & Alloys- Corrosion & Erosion