Determination of trace elements in rainwater by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence
Three quasi-independent analytical procedures for the determination of trace elements in rainwater are presented, which are based on total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), a special variant of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The three sample preparation techniques compared are (1) direct analysis, (2) preenrichment of the trace elements in rainwater by freeze-drying and redissolution in dilute nitric acid, and (3) a matrix removal and preconcentration procedure by metal chelation, chromatographic adsorption of the metal complexes, and subsequent elution of the metal chelates prior to TXRF measurement. The elements determined are S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, and Ba. For a measuring time of 1000 s, detection limits down to 5-20 ng/L were achieved for the heavy-metal traces. The limits are slightly higher for iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead because of fluctuations in the blan values. The procedures were tested on rainwater samples from the Island of Pellworm (German Bight) containing comparatively low trace-metal contents. Systematic investigations for the characterization of the analytical procedures with regard to blanks, detection limits, precision, and accuracy are described and discussed. The accuracy was checked by independent analyses of duplicate samples using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (KFA Juelich). 17 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.
- Research Organization:
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht GmbH, West Germany
- OSTI ID:
- 6445572
- Journal Information:
- Anal. Chem.; (United States), Vol. 57:14
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
ORGANIC
PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
ARSENIC
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
BARIUM
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
IRON
LEAD
MANGANESE
MOLYBDENUM
NICKEL
POTASSIUM
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
RAIN WATER
RUBIDIUM
SELENIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TITANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
ADSORPTION
CHELATES
ELUTRIATION
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
LYOPHILIZATION
MATRIX ISOLATION
NITRIC ACID
SAMPLE PREPARATION
TRACE AMOUNTS
ALKALI METALS
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
COMPLEXES
DATA
ELEMENTS
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
INFORMATION
INORGANIC ACIDS
METALS
NONDESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS
NONMETALS
NUMERICAL DATA
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
SEMIMETALS
SEPARATION PROCESSES
SORPTION
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
WATER
X-RAY EMISSION ANALYSIS
400103* - Radiometric & Radiochemical Procedures- (-1987)
520200 - Environment
Aquatic- Chemicals Monitoring & Transport- (-1989)