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Title: SN 2009ip: CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROGENITOR MASS-LOSS RATE

Abstract

Some supernovae (SNe) show evidence for mass-loss events taking place prior to their explosions. Measuring their pre-outburst mass-loss rates provides essential information regarding the mechanisms that are responsible for these events. Here we present XMM-Newton and Swift X-ray observations taken after the latest, and presumably the final, outburst of SN 2009ip. We use these observations as well as new near-infrared and visible-light spectra and published radio and visible-light observations to put six independent order-of-magnitude constraints on the mass-loss rate of the SN progenitor prior to the explosion. Our methods utilize the X-ray luminosity, the bound-free absorption, the H{alpha} luminosity, the SN rise time, free-free absorption, and the bolometric luminosity of the outburst detected prior to the explosion. Assuming spherical mass loss with a wind-density profile, we estimate that the effective mass-loss rate from the progenitor was between 10{sup -3} and 10{sup -2} M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1}, over a few years prior to the explosion, with a velocity of {approx}10{sup 3} km s{sup -1}. This mass-loss rate corresponds to a total circumstellar matter (CSM) mass of {approx}0.04 M{sub Sun }, within 6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 15} cm of the SN. We note that the mass-loss rate estimate based on the H{alpha} luminositymore » is higher by an order of magnitude. This can be explained if the narrow-line H{alpha} component is generated at radii larger than the shock radius, or if the CSM has an aspherical geometry. We discuss simple geometries which are consistent with our results.« less

Authors:
 [1]; ;  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6]
  1. Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics and the Helen Kimmel Center for Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot (Israel)
  2. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanc Latin-Small-Letter-Dotless-I University, Orhanl Latin-Small-Letter-Dotless-I -Tuzla, Istanbul 34956 (Turkey)
  3. Space Science Office, ZP-12, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 (United States)
  4. Universities Space Research Association, 6767 Old Madison Pike NW, Suite 450, Huntsville, AL 35806 (United States)
  5. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 (United States)
  6. Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
22126837
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Journal Name:
Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 768; Journal Issue: 1; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTROPHYSICS, COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY; ABSORPTION; DENSITY; EFFECTIVE MASS; EXPLOSIONS; LOSSES; LUMINOSITY; MASS TRANSFER; MATTER; SPECTRA; STELLAR WINDS; SUPERNOVAE; VELOCITY; X RADIATION

Citation Formats

Ofek, E. O., Lin, L., Goegues, E., Kouveliotou, C., Younes, G., Kasliwal, M. M., and Cao, Y. SN 2009ip: CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROGENITOR MASS-LOSS RATE. United States: N. p., 2013. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47.
Ofek, E. O., Lin, L., Goegues, E., Kouveliotou, C., Younes, G., Kasliwal, M. M., & Cao, Y. SN 2009ip: CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROGENITOR MASS-LOSS RATE. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47
Ofek, E. O., Lin, L., Goegues, E., Kouveliotou, C., Younes, G., Kasliwal, M. M., and Cao, Y. 2013. "SN 2009ip: CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROGENITOR MASS-LOSS RATE". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47.
@article{osti_22126837,
title = {SN 2009ip: CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROGENITOR MASS-LOSS RATE},
author = {Ofek, E. O. and Lin, L. and Goegues, E. and Kouveliotou, C. and Younes, G. and Kasliwal, M. M. and Cao, Y.},
abstractNote = {Some supernovae (SNe) show evidence for mass-loss events taking place prior to their explosions. Measuring their pre-outburst mass-loss rates provides essential information regarding the mechanisms that are responsible for these events. Here we present XMM-Newton and Swift X-ray observations taken after the latest, and presumably the final, outburst of SN 2009ip. We use these observations as well as new near-infrared and visible-light spectra and published radio and visible-light observations to put six independent order-of-magnitude constraints on the mass-loss rate of the SN progenitor prior to the explosion. Our methods utilize the X-ray luminosity, the bound-free absorption, the H{alpha} luminosity, the SN rise time, free-free absorption, and the bolometric luminosity of the outburst detected prior to the explosion. Assuming spherical mass loss with a wind-density profile, we estimate that the effective mass-loss rate from the progenitor was between 10{sup -3} and 10{sup -2} M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1}, over a few years prior to the explosion, with a velocity of {approx}10{sup 3} km s{sup -1}. This mass-loss rate corresponds to a total circumstellar matter (CSM) mass of {approx}0.04 M{sub Sun }, within 6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 15} cm of the SN. We note that the mass-loss rate estimate based on the H{alpha} luminosity is higher by an order of magnitude. This can be explained if the narrow-line H{alpha} component is generated at radii larger than the shock radius, or if the CSM has an aspherical geometry. We discuss simple geometries which are consistent with our results.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/47},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22126837}, journal = {Astrophysical Journal},
issn = {0004-637X},
number = 1,
volume = 768,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed May 01 00:00:00 EDT 2013},
month = {Wed May 01 00:00:00 EDT 2013}
}