Urinary arsenic profile affects the risk of urothelial carcinoma even at low arsenic exposure
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (China)
- Graduate Institute of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (China)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (China)
- Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan (China)
- Department of Nuclear Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (China)
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (China)
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, No. 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan (China)
Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). To explore the association between individual risk and urinary arsenic profile in subjects without evident exposure, 177 UC cases and 313 age-matched controls were recruited between September 2002 and May 2004 for a case-control study. Urinary arsenic species including the following three categories, inorganic arsenic (As{sup III} + As{sup V}), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA{sup V}) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA{sup V}), were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator and atomic absorption spectrometry. Arsenic methylation profile was assessed by percentages of various arsenic species in the sum of the three categories measured. The primary methylation index (PMI) was defined as the ratio between MMA{sup V} and inorganic arsenic. Secondary methylation index (SMI) was determined as the ratio between DMA{sup V} and MMA{sup V}. Smoking is associated with a significant risk of UC in a dose-dependent manner. After multivariate adjustment, UC cases had a significantly higher sum of all the urinary species measured, higher percent MMA{sup V}, lower percent DMA{sup V}, higher PMI and lower SMI values compared with controls. Smoking interacts with the urinary arsenic profile in modifying the UC risk. Differential carcinogenic effects of the urinary arsenic profile, however, were seen more prominently in non-smokers than in smokers, suggesting that smoking is not the only major environmental source of arsenic contamination since the UC risk differs in non-smokers. Subjects who have an unfavorable urinary arsenic profile have an increased UC risk even at low exposure levels.
- OSTI ID:
- 20976843
- Journal Information:
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 218, Issue 2; Other Information: DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.09.021; PII: S0041-008X(06)00321-8; Copyright (c) 2006 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0041-008X
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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