Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Liao, Hsueh-Chung; Tam, Teck Lip Dexter; Guo, Peijun; Wu, Yilei; Manley, Eric F.; Huang, Wei; Zhou, Nanjia; Soe, Chan Myae Myae; Wang, Binghao; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Chen, Lin X.; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.; Facchetti, Antonio; Chang, Robert P.  H.; Marks, Tobin J.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201600502

Title: Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Authors:

Liao, Hsueh-Chung ^[1]; Tam, Teck Lip Dexter ^[2]; Guo, Peijun ^[3]; Wu, Yilei ^[4]; Manley, Eric F. ^[5]; Huang, Wei ^[6]; Zhou, Nanjia ^[3]; Soe, Chan Myae Myae ^[7]; Wang, Binghao ^[6]; Wasielewski, Michael R. ^[7]; Chen, Lin X. ^[8]; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. ^[7]; Facchetti, Antonio ^[9]; Chang, Robert P. H. ^[4]; Marks, Tobin J. ^[7]

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave. Lemont IL 60439 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave. Lemont IL 60439 USA
Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208 USA; Polyera Corporation, Skokie IL 60077 USA

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1333949

DOE Contract Number:: SC0001059

Resource Type:: Journal Article

Journal Name:: Advanced Energy Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal Issue: 16; Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: ENGLISH

Citation Formats


                    Liao, Hsueh-Chung, Tam, Teck Lip Dexter, Guo, Peijun, Wu, Yilei, Manley, Eric F., Huang, Wei, Zhou, Nanjia, Soe, Chan Myae Myae, Wang, Binghao, Wasielewski, Michael R., Chen, Lin X., Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Facchetti, Antonio, Chang, Robert P.  H., and Marks, Tobin J. Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
        Web.  doi:10.1002/aenm.201600502.

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                    Liao, Hsueh-Chung, Tam, Teck Lip Dexter, Guo, Peijun, Wu, Yilei, Manley, Eric F., Huang, Wei, Zhou, Nanjia, Soe, Chan Myae Myae, Wang, Binghao, Wasielewski, Michael R., Chen, Lin X., Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Facchetti, Antonio, Chang, Robert P.  H., & Marks, Tobin J. Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600502

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                    Liao, Hsueh-Chung, Tam, Teck Lip Dexter, Guo, Peijun, Wu, Yilei, Manley, Eric F., Huang, Wei, Zhou, Nanjia, Soe, Chan Myae Myae, Wang, Binghao, Wasielewski, Michael R., Chen, Lin X., Kanatzidis, Mercouri G., Facchetti, Antonio, Chang, Robert P.  H., and Marks, Tobin J. 2016.  
        "Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600502.

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@article{osti_1333949,

  title        = {Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells},

  author       = {Liao, Hsueh-Chung and Tam, Teck Lip Dexter and Guo, Peijun and Wu, Yilei and Manley, Eric F. and Huang, Wei and Zhou, Nanjia and Soe, Chan Myae Myae and Wang, Binghao and Wasielewski, Michael R. and Chen, Lin X. and Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. and Facchetti, Antonio and Chang, Robert P.  H. and Marks, Tobin J.},

  abstractNote = {},

  doi          = {10.1002/aenm.201600502},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1333949},
  journal      = {Advanced Energy Materials},

  issn         = {1614-6832},

  number       = 16,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Wed Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Journal Article Yu, Zefeng; Wang, Luyao; Mu, Xijiao; ... - Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)

Abstract Low conductivity and hole mobility in the pristine metal phthalocyanines greatly limit their application in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as the hole‐transporting materials (HTMs). Here, we prepare a Ni phthalocyanine (NiPc) decorated by four methoxyethoxy units as HTMs. In NiPc, the two oxygen atoms in peripheral substituent have a modified effect on the dipole direction, while the central Ni atom contributes more electron to phthalocyanine ring, thus efficiently increasing the intramolecular dipole. Calculation analyses reveal the extracted holes within NiPc are mainly concentrated on the phthalocyanine core induced by the intramolecular electric field, and further to be transferred bymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016087
Intramolecular Electric Field Construction in Metal Phthalocyanine as Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Material for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with >21 % Efficiency

Journal Article Yu, Zefeng; Wang, Luyao; Mu, Xijiao; ... - Angewandte Chemie

Abstract Low conductivity and hole mobility in the pristine metal phthalocyanines greatly limit their application in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as the hole‐transporting materials (HTMs). Here, we prepare a Ni phthalocyanine (NiPc) decorated by four methoxyethoxy units as HTMs. In NiPc, the two oxygen atoms in peripheral substituent have a modified effect on the dipole direction, while the central Ni atom contributes more electron to phthalocyanine ring, thus efficiently increasing the intramolecular dipole. Calculation analyses reveal the extracted holes within NiPc are mainly concentrated on the phthalocyanine core induced by the intramolecular electric field, and further to be transferred bymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202016087
Intramolecular Electric Field Construction in Metal Phthalocyanine as Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Material for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with >21 % Efficiency

Journal Article Yu, Zefeng; Wang, Luyao; Mu, Xijiao; ... - Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)

Not provided.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016087

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Title: Dopant-Free Hole Transporting Polymers for High Efficiency, Environmentally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Citation Formats

CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Sensitized Solar Cells Using a D-A Copolymer as Hole Transport Material journal, January 2015

Band filling with free charge carriers in organometal halide perovskites journal, August 2014

A dopant free linear acene derivative as a hole transport material for perovskite pigmented solar cells journal, January 2015

The emergence of perovskite solar cells journal, July 2014

A low temperature gradual annealing scheme for achieving high performance perovskite solar cells with no hysteresis journal, January 2015

Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells journal, July 2014

Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers journal, October 2015

High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange journal, May 2015

New Low-Gap Polymers from 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene-Bis-Substituted Electron-Poor Thiophenes. The Roles of Thiophene, Donor−Acceptor Alternation, and Copolymerization in Intrinsic Conductivity journal, September 2004

Systematic Investigation of Isoindigo-Based Polymeric Field-Effect Transistors: Design Strategy and Impact of Polymer Symmetry and Backbone Curvature journal, May 2012

Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells journal, July 2014

Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite journal, August 2014

Hole Transport Materials with Low Glass Transition Temperatures and High Solubility for Application in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells journal, January 2012

Boosting the efficiency and the stability of low cost perovskite solar cells by using CuPc nanorods as hole transport material and carbon as counter electrode journal, February 2016

Simple Triphenylamine-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells journal, November 2015

Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications journal, January 2014

Low-Temperature Processed Electron Collection Layers of Graphene/TiO2 Nanocomposites in Thin Film Perovskite Solar Cells journal, December 2013

Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Material with a C 3 h Symmetrical Truxene Core for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells journal, February 2016

Protic Ionic Liquids as p-Dopant for Organic Hole Transporting Materials and Their Application in High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells journal, August 2013

High-performance multiple-donor bulk heterojunction solar cells journal, February 2015

Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45): Solar cell efficiency tables journal, December 2014

Benzobisthiazole-Based Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Cells and Highly Stable Field-Effect Transistors journal, September 2011

Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Graphene Electrodes journal, May 2015

Lithium salts as “redox active” p-type dopants for organic semiconductors and their impact in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells journal, January 2013

Polymer solar cells with enhanced fill factors journal, August 2013

Efficient hole-blocking layer-free planar halide perovskite thin-film solar cells journal, March 2015

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains journal, January 2015

Systematic Improvement in Charge Carrier Mobility of Air Stable Triarylamine Copolymers journal, August 2009

Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Dopant-Free Organic Hole Transport Materials with Tunable Energy Levels journal, November 2015

Molecular-weight-dependent mobilities in regioregular poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) diodes journal, March 2005

One-Pot Synthesis of 4,8-Dibromobenzo[1,2-d;4,5-d′]bistriazole and Synthesis of its Derivatives as New Units for Conjugated Materials journal, December 2011

Arylamine-Based Photosensitizing Metal Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells book, March 2015

Quinoidal Molecules as a New Class of Ambipolar Semiconductor Originating from Amphoteric Redox Behavior journal, January 2015

High performance hybrid solar cells sensitized by organolead halide perovskites journal, January 2013

Poly(benzodithiophene) Homopolymer for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltage of Near 1 V: A Superior Candidate To Substitute for Poly(3-hexylthiophene) as Wide Bandgap Polymer journal, March 2015

High-Performance and Environmentally Stable Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a Solution-Processed Copper-Doped Nickel Oxide Hole-Transporting Layer journal, November 2014

Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells journal, January 2015

A dopant-free organic hole transport material for efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells journal, January 2015

A molecularly engineered hole-transporting material for efficient perovskite solar cells journal, January 2016

Recent progress and perspective in solution-processed Interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer and organometal perovskite solar cells journal, January 2015

Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors journal, May 2013

Advancements in all-solid-state hybrid solar cells based on organometal halide perovskites journal, January 2015

Conjugated Polymer Energy Level Shifts in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes journal, October 2014

Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics journal, February 2014

Interface Engineering of Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Solution-Processed Perylene–Diimide Heterojunctions toward High Performance journal, December 2014

Continuing to soar journal, August 2014

Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3 journal, October 2013

Perovskite-Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach journal, December 2013

Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition journal, September 2013

Enhanced Vertical Charge Transport in a Semiconducting P3HT Thin Film on Single Layer Graphene journal, November 2014

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites journal, October 2012

Polymer electronic materials: a review of charge transport journal, January 2006

Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices journal, October 2014

Recent progress in the design of narrow bandgap conjugated polymers for high-efficiency organic solar cells journal, September 2012

Enhanced charge mobility in a molecular hole transporter via addition of redox inactive ionic dopant: Implication to dye-sensitized solar cells journal, December 2006

Enhancement of the Photovoltaic Performance of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells through a Dichlorobenzene-Functionalized Hole-Transporting Material journal, May 2014

o -Methoxy Substituents in Spiro-OMeTAD for Efficient Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells journal, May 2014

Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells journal, January 2015

Simple planar perovskite solar cells with a dopant-free benzodithiophene conjugated polymer as hole transporting material journal, January 2015

Scherrer grain-size analysis adapted to grazing-incidence scattering with area detectors journal, October 2009

Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46): Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46) journal, June 2015

A dopant-free spirobi[cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene] based hole-transport material for efficient perovskite solar cells journal, January 2015

Employing PEDOT as the p-Type Charge Collection Layer in Regular Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells journal, April 2015

Synthetic Principles for Bandgap Control in Linear π-Conjugated Systems journal, February 1997

Tuning Perovskite Morphology by Polymer Additive for High Efficiency Solar Cell journal, February 2015

Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques journal, December 2013

Enhancing the Hole-Conductivity of Spiro-OMeTAD without Oxygen or Lithium Salts by Using Spiro(TFSI) 2 in Perovskite and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells journal, July 2014

Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites as a Highly Stable Hole Collection Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells journal, September 2014

CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Sensitized Solar Cells Using a D-A Copolymer as Hole Transport Material
journal, January 2015

Band filling with free charge carriers in organometal halide perovskites
journal, August 2014

A dopant free linear acene derivative as a hole transport material for perovskite pigmented solar cells
journal, January 2015

The emergence of perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014

A low temperature gradual annealing scheme for achieving high performance perovskite solar cells with no hysteresis
journal, January 2015

Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014

Efficient and stable large-area perovskite solar cells with inorganic charge extraction layers
journal, October 2015

High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange
journal, May 2015

New Low-Gap Polymers from 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene-Bis-Substituted Electron-Poor Thiophenes. The Roles of Thiophene, Donor−Acceptor Alternation, and Copolymerization in Intrinsic Conductivity
journal, September 2004

Systematic Investigation of Isoindigo-Based Polymeric Field-Effect Transistors: Design Strategy and Impact of Polymer Symmetry and Backbone Curvature
journal, May 2012

Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014

Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite
journal, August 2014

Hole Transport Materials with Low Glass Transition Temperatures and High Solubility for Application in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, January 2012

Boosting the efficiency and the stability of low cost perovskite solar cells by using CuPc nanorods as hole transport material and carbon as counter electrode
journal, February 2016

Simple Triphenylamine-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, November 2015

Organohalide lead perovskites for photovoltaic applications
journal, January 2014

Low-Temperature Processed Electron Collection Layers of Graphene/TiO₂ Nanocomposites in Thin Film Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2013

Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Material with a C _{3 h} Symmetrical Truxene Core for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2016

Protic Ionic Liquids as p-Dopant for Organic Hole Transporting Materials and Their Application in High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells
journal, August 2013

High-performance multiple-donor bulk heterojunction solar cells
journal, February 2015

Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45): Solar cell efficiency tables
journal, December 2014

Benzobisthiazole-Based Donor–Acceptor Copolymer Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Cells and Highly Stable Field-Effect Transistors
journal, September 2011

Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Graphene Electrodes
journal, May 2015

Lithium salts as “redox active” p-type dopants for organic semiconductors and their impact in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
journal, January 2013

Polymer solar cells with enhanced fill factors
journal, August 2013

Efficient hole-blocking layer-free planar halide perovskite thin-film solar cells
journal, March 2015

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015

Systematic Improvement in Charge Carrier Mobility of Air Stable Triarylamine Copolymers
journal, August 2009

Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Dopant-Free Organic Hole Transport Materials with Tunable Energy Levels
journal, November 2015

Molecular-weight-dependent mobilities in regioregular poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) diodes
journal, March 2005

One-Pot Synthesis of 4,8-Dibromobenzo[1,2-d;4,5-d′]bistriazole and Synthesis of its Derivatives as New Units for Conjugated Materials
journal, December 2011

Arylamine-Based Photosensitizing Metal Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
book, March 2015

Quinoidal Molecules as a New Class of Ambipolar Semiconductor Originating from Amphoteric Redox Behavior
journal, January 2015

High performance hybrid solar cells sensitized by organolead halide perovskites
journal, January 2013

Poly(benzodithiophene) Homopolymer for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltage of Near 1 V: A Superior Candidate To Substitute for Poly(3-hexylthiophene) as Wide Bandgap Polymer
journal, March 2015

High-Performance and Environmentally Stable Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a Solution-Processed Copper-Doped Nickel Oxide Hole-Transporting Layer
journal, November 2014

Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015

A dopant-free organic hole transport material for efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2015

A molecularly engineered hole-transporting material for efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016

Recent progress and perspective in solution-processed Interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer and organometal perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2015

Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors
journal, May 2013

Advancements in all-solid-state hybrid solar cells based on organometal halide perovskites
journal, January 2015

Conjugated Polymer Energy Level Shifts in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes
journal, October 2014

Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics
journal, February 2014

Interface Engineering of Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Solution-Processed Perylene–Diimide Heterojunctions toward High Performance
journal, December 2014

Continuing to soar
journal, August 2014

Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH₃NH₃PbI₃
journal, October 2013

Perovskite-Based Hybrid Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency with High Reproducibility Using a Thin Film Sandwich Approach
journal, December 2013

Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition
journal, September 2013

Enhanced Vertical Charge Transport in a Semiconducting P3HT Thin Film on Single Layer Graphene
journal, November 2014

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2012

Polymer electronic materials: a review of charge transport
journal, January 2006

Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices
journal, October 2014

Recent progress in the design of narrow bandgap conjugated polymers for high-efficiency organic solar cells
journal, September 2012

Enhanced charge mobility in a molecular hole transporter via addition of redox inactive ionic dopant: Implication to dye-sensitized solar cells
journal, December 2006

Enhancement of the Photovoltaic Performance of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite Solar Cells through a Dichlorobenzene-Functionalized Hole-Transporting Material
journal, May 2014

o -Methoxy Substituents in Spiro-OMeTAD for Efficient Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, May 2014

Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015

Simple planar perovskite solar cells with a dopant-free benzodithiophene conjugated polymer as hole transporting material
journal, January 2015

Scherrer grain-size analysis adapted to grazing-incidence scattering with area detectors
journal, October 2009

Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46): Solar cell efficiency tables (version 46)
journal, June 2015

A dopant-free spirobi[cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene] based hole-transport material for efficient perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2015

Employing PEDOT as the p-Type Charge Collection Layer in Regular Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2015

Synthetic Principles for Bandgap Control in Linear π-Conjugated Systems
journal, February 1997

Tuning Perovskite Morphology by Polymer Additive for High Efficiency Solar Cell
journal, February 2015

Perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction structure prepared using room-temperature solution processing techniques
journal, December 2013

Enhancing the Hole-Conductivity of Spiro-OMeTAD without Oxygen or Lithium Salts by Using Spiro(TFSI) ₂ in Perovskite and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, July 2014

Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites as a Highly Stable Hole Collection Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2014